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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classification
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The process of grouping things based on their similarities
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Why do biologists use classification to organize living things?
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To make them easier to study
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Number of kinds of organisms on earth
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1.7 million
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Taxonomy
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The scientific study of how living things are classified
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Aristotle
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First scientist to develop a classification system (4th century B.C.)
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What were the groups that Aristotle classified animals by?
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1. those that fly
2. those that swim 3. those that walk, crawl or run |
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Who was the first scientist to use subgroups?
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Aristotle
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Scientist that used binomial nomenclature for classification (1750s)
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Animal naming system that gives each organism a two-part name
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Names of the two parts of binomial nomenclature
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Genus & Species
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Genus
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A classification grouping that contains similiar, closely related organisms
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Species
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A group of similiar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring in nature; it sets one species in a genus apart from another
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A species name is often determined by what?
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A distinctive feature of an organism such as where it lives or its color
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Which comes first, species or genus in a name?
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Genus
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What language did Linnaeus use in his naming system and why?
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Latin; because it was the language that scientists communicated in then
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What English rules do you use when writing an animal's scientific name?
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1. The complete scientific name is written in italics
2. Genus is capitalized 3. species is not capitalized |
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Which part of a scientific name is like your first name? Your family name?
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Species - Family Name (Hooper)
Genus - First Name (Emily) |
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How are species classified today?
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By the history of the species
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How many levels of classification are there now?
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7
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What are the levels of classification now?
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1. Kingdom
2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species |
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What are two ways to identify a strange organism?
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1. Field Guide
2. Taxonomic Key |
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Taxonomic Key
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A series of paired statements that describe the physical charactoristics of different organisms.
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Number of kingdoms in Linnaeus's classification system?
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2 (plant & animal)
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Number of kingdoms in today's classification system? What are they?
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1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria 3. Protists 4. Fungi 5. Plants 6. Animals |
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Organisms are placed in kingdoms based on what?
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1. Type of cells
2. Ability to make food 3. Number of cells in their bodies |
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Archaebacteria
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1. Unicellular organisms that mean ancient bacteria
2. Autotrophic or heterotrophic 3. Prokaryotes |
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What type of organism is a archaebacteria?
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Prokaryotes because it lacks a nucleus
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Eubacteria
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1. Unicellular
2. Prokaryotes 3. Autotrophic or heterotrophic 4. Different chemical makeup than an archaebacteria |
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How are Protists different from bacteria?
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Like both the bacteria kingdoms but protist's cells contain a nucleus
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Eukaryotes
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Cells that contain a nucleus
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Prokaryotes
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Cells that do not contain a nucleus
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Fungi
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1. Eukaryotes
2. Most are multicellular but a few are unicellular (yeast) 3. Heterotrophic |
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Protists
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1. Most are unicellular but a few are multicellular (seeweed)
2. Can be autotrophic ot heterotrophic 3. Eukaryotes |
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Nickname of Protists kingdom? Why?
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"Odds and Ends" Kingdom; because its organisms are very different from each other
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Plant Kingdom
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1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotes 3. Autotrohic |
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Animal Kingdom
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1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotes Heterotrophic |
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Which two kingdoms contain only prokaryotes?
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Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
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Which kingdoms contain only heterotrohs?
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Fungi & Animals
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Bacteria
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1. Unicellular
2. Prokaryotes 3. Belongs to Archaebacteria or Eubacteria |
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Shapes of bacterial cells
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1. Spherical
2. Rodlike 3. Spiral |
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What determines the shape of a bacterial cell?
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The chemical makeup of its cell wall
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Flagellum
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A long whip-like structure that extends from the cell membrane and passes through the cell wall that helps a cell move by spinning in place like a propeller.
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How many flagellum can a bacteria cell have?
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One, none or many depending on the type of bacteria
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How does a bacteria cell that does not have flagellum move?
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Air, water currents, clothes or other objects to carry them
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Differences of Archaebactria & Eubacteria
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1. Chemical makeups
2. Environments they live in (archaebacteria live in extreme environments and eubacteria do not) |
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Binary Fission
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A type of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells
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Asexual Reproduction
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A reproductive process that invloves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent
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Binary Fission Steps
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1. Cell Duplicates its genetic material
2. Divides into two new cells |
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Two ways bacteria can multiply?
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1. Binary Fission
2. Conjugation |
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Conjugation
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A simple form of sexual reproduction in which one baterium transfers some of its genetic material intpo another bacterial cell through a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells. After the transfer, the cells then seperate. This does not increase the number of bacteria. However, when the cells divide by binary fission, the new genetic material passes onto the new cells.
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Survival Needs of Bacteria
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1. Source of food
2. Respiration - a way to break down the food to release the food's energy 3. Survival techniques when conditions in their surroundings become unfavorable |
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Ways a bacteria obtains food
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1.Autotrophs (by capturing the sun's energy or from the energy in chemical substances)
2. Heterothrophs - consumes autotrophs or other heterothrophs (our food or decaying leaves) |
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Respiration
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The process of breaking down food to release its energy
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What do most bacteria need to break down their food?
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Oxygen
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Endospore
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A small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell
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Why can endospores survive for many years?
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Because they can resist freezing, heating, drying, and they are light so a breeze can carry them to a place more favorable to grow
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How are bacteria involved in our life?
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1. Fuel production
2. Food production 2. Environmental recycling and cleanup 3. Diseases |
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Methane
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Gas that is produced during respiration by archaebacteria that live in oxygen-free environments (thick mud in the bottom of a swamp); make up about 20% of earth's deposits of natural gas
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Decomposers
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Organisms that break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals
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Infectious Diseases
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Illnesses that pass from one organism to another
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What are the ways that infectious diseases can spread?
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1. Direct contact (touch, hug, kiss)
2. Indirect Contact (sneezes, eating, drinking after each other) 3. Environment (soil, water) |
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Toxin
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Poison produced by a bacteria
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Antibiotic
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A chemical that can kill a bacteria without harming a person's own cells
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Virus
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A small, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell
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Why are viruses considered nonliving?
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Because they are not cells and they do not use energy to grow or to respond to theoir surroundings. They also cannot make food, take in food, or produce wastes.
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What is the only way in which viruses are like other living organisms?
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They can multiply
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What is the only way a virus can multiply?
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Inside a living cell
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Host
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A living thing that provides a source of energy for a virus or an organism
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Parasites
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Organisms that live on or in a host and cause harm to the host
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What do viruses do to the cells that they multiply in?
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Destroy them
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Is any organism safe from viruses?
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No
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What are viruses named after?
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1. The disease they cause
2. The organism they affect 3. The scientist that discovered them |
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Bacteriophage
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A virus that infects bacteria
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Shapes of Viruses
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1. Round
2. Rod-shaped 3. Bricklike 4. Threadlike 5. Bulletlike 6. Robot-like |
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Size of Viruses
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Smaller than cells; most are 50 - 60 nm in diameter
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Size Unit of Viruses
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Nanometers (nm) - one billionth of a meter
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Two basic Parts of a Virus
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1. Outer coat that protects the virus
2. Inner core made of genetic material |
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What is the outer coat of a virus made of?
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Unique proteins who shapes allow them to atach to certain cells in the host
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Why is a virus like a key?
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Because a virus's proteins ("keys") only fit certain "locks" or proteins on the surface of a host's cells
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Can a virus attach to any cell?
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No, only to certain cells that its proteins fit with
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How does a virus multiply?
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The virus's genetic material takes over a cell's functions and directs the cell to produce the virus's proteins and genetic material which are then assembled into new viruses.
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What are two types of viruses?
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1. Active - multiplies immediantly
2. Hidden - stays inactive for awhile before starts taking over the cells functions |
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Are there medications for viral diseases?
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No, just for the symptoms
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Best treatment for viral diseases?
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Bed rest, drinking lots of fluids, and eating healthy meals
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Vaccine
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A substance that stimulates the body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria; made from dead or altered viruses or bacteria
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