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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is cloning? |
example of asexual reproduction cloning produces genetically identical copies called clones |
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what is nuclear transfer? |
when you take nucleas from fertiilised egg cell and put it in egg cell with no nucleas |
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who is dolly the sheep? |
first mammal cloned from adult produced by nuclear transfer |
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how was dolly produced/? |
1) removing nucleas from egg cell 2) putting nucleas from udder cell into egg cells 3) giving egg cell an electric shock to make it divide 4) implanting embryo into surrogate mother sheep - embroyo will grow into clone of sheep that supplied udder cell |
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why is cloning plants easier than cloning animals? |
plants cells have ability to differentiate into different cell types animals cells cant do this unless they are stem cells |
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benefits of cloning invovling animals |
allows you to produce mass animals with desirable characteristics - animals that produce medicine in their mulk could be developed by gentic engineering and then cloned. - researched have managed to transfer human genes that produce proteins into sheep and cows. This means there animals can produce things like blood clotting agent VIII. -pigs have organs suitable for transplantation into humans could be devloped by genetic engineering then cloned. This means constant supplt of organs would be available - always short supp;y of human donors. - problems that virus could be passed from animals to humans |
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benefits of cloning invovling emboryos |
human emboryos could be produced by cloning adult body cells embroyos then could be used to supply stem cells fir stem cell therapy - cells would have exactly same genetic info. as patient, reducing risk of rejection |
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ethical issues with cloninghumans |
- there would lots of surrogate pregnancies, probably with high rates of miscarriages and stillbirth - clones of other mammals have been unhealthly, and die premartely - human clones might too - if healthly clone produced - might be physilogically damaged by knowing that's its just a clone of another human
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risks with cloning |
- cloned animals might not be as healthly as normal ones - cloning - new science unaware of consequences |
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explain steps in tissue cluture |
1) choose plant you want to clone based on its characteristics 2) remove several small peices of tissues from parent plant 3) grow tissue in growth meduim containting nutrients and growth hormones. this is done under aspectic conditions to prevent growth of microbes that could harm plants 4) as tissues produce shoots and roots they can be moved to potting compost to carry on growing |
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pros of cloning plant |
- fairly sure of characteritics of plant because it'll be genetically identical to parent - no need to waste time and growing duds - possible to mass produce that are hard to grow from seeds |
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cons of cloning plants |
- if plants suffer from disease of start doing badly because of change in environment, they'll all have same problems they all have same genes - lack of genetic variation |
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what is gene therapy? |
invovles altering persons genes in attempt to cure genetic disorder |
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explan both types of gene therapy |
1) changes genes in body cells particulary cells that are most effected by disorder e.g cystic fibrosis affect lungs, so therapy for it woul target cells lining lungs. this wouldnt effect individuals gametes(sperms or eggs) so offspring could still inherit disease 2) invovle changing genes in gametes - every cell of any offspring produced from these gametes will be effected by gene therapy and offspring wouldnt suffer from disease |
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why is gene therapy controverial? |
unexpected consequences which cause a whole new set of problems - these problems would then be inherited by all future generations feat that this kind of gene therapy could lead to creation of designer babies where parents can choose which genes there children have |
