Science And Technology Essay

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Science

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o Scientific Revolution – Brought about fundamental changes in Western thought, altering the way in which Europeans viewed the natural world, the supernatural realm, and themselves.
o Astronomy - The sun became known as the center of the universe not the earth.
 Galileo Galilei – An Italian mathematician at the University of Padua introduced the telescope, the most important of the new scientific instruments that facilitated discovery. The sun-centered theory of the universe got him in trouble with Pope Urban VIII. Tried by the Roman Inquisition for challenging the authority of Scripture and was therefore guilty of heresy. Also important to physics and the laws of motion.
 Johannes Kepler – confirmed the central position of the sun in the universe, while planets follow elliptical rather than circular orbits and that the planets move in accordance with a series of physical laws.

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Technologoy

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Use scientific technology to strengthen the power of the state which is why in the 17th century the growth of the modern state and the emergence of modern science so closely related.
o Printing Press – Able to communicate the results of their research to scientists in more distant localities. Scientific achievements could be preserved in a much more accurate form and presented to a broader audience. Made it easier for scientist to correct or supplement the data. Made members of the non-science community aware of the latest advances in physics and astronomy making it an integral part of the culture of the educated. Also made growth of opposition to new science

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Military Change

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demand for more accurate weapons with longer range. Members of Royal Society in England conduct extensive scientific research on trajectory and velocity of missiles, gravitation and air resistance. Placing scientific research at the service of the state.

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Economic Change

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- Emergence of new capitalist economy where private individuals engaged in trade, agriculture and industry in order to realize ever- increasing profits. Research on making capitalist ventures more productive and profitable made the English economy rise in the 18th century. Displacement of water by ships led to improvements in methods of ship construction benefiting oversea trade. Invention of the chronometer measures longitude improved navigation.

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Philosophy Change

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o Ancients vs. Moderns - ancients revered the wisdom of classical authors and moderns emphasized the superiority of the new scientific culture.
o Skepticism - tendency to doubt what we have been taught and are expected to believe develop philosophical ideas.

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Challenges to Religion

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contradiction between the sun-centered theory of the universe and biblical references to the sun’s mobility (prosecution of Galileo). Implication that if the universe functioned as a machine, on the basis of immutable natural laws, the God apparently played a very small role in its operation. But soon people began to accommodate scientific knowledge to their religious beliefs since god worked through the processes of nature, human beings could acquire theological knowledge of him by engaging in scientific inquiry. Index of Prohibited Books was a list compiled by the papacy of all printed works containing heretical ideas

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Political

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by beginning of the 18th century people looked down on religious enthusiasm not only as politically dangerous, as it had inspired revolution and rebellion throughout Europe, but as a form of behavior that had no rational basis. Religion began to exercise less influence on the conduct of politics and diplomacy and on the regulation of economic activities.

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Lead to.....

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the denial of Magic, Demons and Witchcraft.