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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Name the four layers of the Earth in order?
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Is the Inner Core solid or liquid and why?
The Inner Core is solid Iron because of extreme pressure and heat.
How many types of crusts are there?
And which is less dense?
There are 2 types of crust, Oceanic and Continental. The continental crust is less dense, therefore it floats.
What is one difference between oceanic crust and continental crust?
The continental crust is composed of granite while the oceanic crust is composed of basalt.
Who is Alfred Wegener?
The man that created the theory of continental drift.
What was Alfred Wegener's theory to support continental drift?
Continents appear to fit together and have matching geological structure and fossils where they meet.
What is the Earth's Asthenosphere and where is it?
The deeper part of the Upper Mantle is called the Asthenosphere.
What is the Earth's Lithosphere and where is it?
The Eath's Crust and Upper Mantle make up the Lithosphere?
Why do plates move?
As fluids are heated in the mantle they expand and become less dense and so begin to rise and cool. As they cool the condense and so begin to fall downwards again setting up a circular current called a convection current which slowly spreads the plates apart.
What are the 3 types of plate boundaries and what do they do?
Divergent : New lithosphere is made.

Convergent: Lithosphere is destroyed.

Transform: Lithosphere neither made or destroyed.
What is a divergent boundary between oceanic plates?
A divergent boundary happens when connvection currents slowly pull the lithosphere apart. As the lithosphere is slowly pulling apart molten magma flows out making and when cooled forms new crust.
What are the effects of a divergent boundary between oceanic plates?
a submarine mountain range such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; volcanic activity in the form of fissure eruptions; shallow earthquake activity; creation of new seafloor and a widening ocean basin.
What is a divegent boundary between continental plates?
As the two plates pull apart, faults develop on both sides of the rift and the central blocks slide downwards to form a rift valley.
What are effects of a divergent boundary between continental plates?
a rift valley sometimes occupied by a long linear lakes or a shallow arm of the ocean, numerous normal faults bounding a central rift valley and shallow earthquake activity along the normal faults. Volcanic activity sometimes occurs within the rift.
What is a convergent boundary between a continental and a oceanic plate?
As a continental plate and oceanic plate collide, the less dense plate overrides the other. The oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle in a process known as "subduction".
What are effects of a convergent boundary between a oceanic and continental plate?
a zone of earthquake activity that is shallow along the continent margin but deepens beneath the continent, sometimes an ocean trench immediately off shore of the continent, a line of volcanic eruptions a few hundred miles inland from the shoreline, destruction of oceanic lithosphere.
What is a convergent boundary betweeen oceanic plates?
As 2 oceanic plates collide, the more dense plate will subduct first into the mantle.
What are effects of a convergent boundary between 2 oceanic plates?
a zone of progressively deeper earthquakes, an oceanic trench, a chain of volcanic islands, and the destruction of oceanic lithosphere.
What is a convergent boundary between 2 continental plates?
two thick continental plates collide and both of them have a density that is much lower than the mantle, which prevents subduction.
The intense compression can also cause extensive folding and faulting of rocks within the two colliding plates.
What are effects between 2 continental boundaries?
intense folding and faulting, a broad folded mountain range, shallow earthquake activity, shortening and thickening of the plates within the collision zone.
What is a Transform boundary?
A transfrom bounday is when 2 plates slide past each other.
What are the effects of a transform boundary?
The earthquakes are usually shallow because they occur within and between plates that are not involved in subduction. Volcanic activity is normally not present because the typical magma sources of an upwelling convection current or a melting subducting plate are not present.
What is the evidence supporting plate tectonics?
Measuring Plate Movements
Magnetic Stripes
Bathymetry
Seismology
How do the satellites work?
GPS satellites monitor the movement of receivers fixed to continents using triangulation from at least 4 satellites
What is the Flip Flop?
A very quirky behaviour of our planet: for some still-unexplained reason, is that at random times in Earth’s past, the magnetic orientation of the planet reversed- several times.
What are Magnetic Stips?
They are zebra stripe-like magnetic patterns for the rocks of the ocean floor. These stripes run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge and are repeated in a pattern which is an exact mirror image centred about the mid-ocean ridge.
What is Bathymetry and what does it have to do with plate tectonics?
Bathymetry is the study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors.The data used to make bathymetric maps today typically comes from an echosounder (sonar) or laser (LADAR) mounted beneath or over the side of a boat or plane, "pinging" a beam of sound/laser light downward at the seafloor.] The amount of time it takes for the sound or light to travel through the water, bounce off the seafloor, and return to the sounder tells the equipment what the distance to the seafloor is.
Such surveys have help to reveal the Great Ocean Ridge and trenches at subduction zones thus corroborating the Theory of Plate Tectonics using
What is Seismology?
Seismology is the scientific study of the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth. The source of these waves includes earthquakes and mantle movements.
What is Seismic Anisotropy?
Seismic anisotropy is a term used in seismology to describe the directional influence of different rocks on seismic wavespeed.
Anisotropy can provide indirect evidence of mantle flow below the Earth’s crust.
What are advantages and disadvantages of floods?
•They can bring welcome relief for people and ecosystems suffering from prolonged drought

•Are estimated to be the most costly natural disaster in Australia.

•Floods cause millions of dollars damage to buildings and critical infrastructure, such as roads and railways as well as to agricultural land and crops.

•They also disrupt business and can affect the health of communities.
What are advantages and disadvantages of droughts?
•Fortunate agricultural producers located outside the drought area benefit by selling their goods at higher prices.

•Fallen branches, leaves, grasses and scrub usually dry out and become highly flammable causing uncontrolled fires. That’s what happens when there so much sun. South-east Australia is considered one of the most fire prone areas of the world, common for sever bushfires.

•Lack of water and lack of food will have a great effect on animals and plants in the drought-affected areas.
What are advantages and disadvantages of bushfires?
•Many of Australia’s native plants are fire prone and very combustible while numerous species depend on fire to regenerate.

•Indigenous Australians have long used fire as a land management tool and it continues to be used to clear land for agricultural purposes and to protect properties from intense, uncontrolled fires.

•They have a low to medium intensity and primarily damage crops, livestock and farming infrastructure, such as fences.

•Australian bushfires resulted in many deaths.
Where does a Earthquake start?
At the Epicenter.
What is a Seismograph?
Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using machines known as seismographs, which record the trembling of the ground.
What are body waves?
Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth. They follow curved paths because of the varying density and composition of the Earth's interior. This effect is similar to the refraction of light waves. Body waves transmit the preliminary tremors of an earthquake but have little destructive effect. Body waves are divided into two types: primary (P) and secondary (S) waves.
What are P waves?
P waves are longitudinal or compressional waves, which means that the ground is alternately compressed and dilated in the direction of propagation. These waves generally travel twice as fast as S waves and can travel through any type of material. Typical speeds are 330m/s in air, 1450m/s in water and about 5000m/s in granite.
What are S waves?
S waves are transverse or shear waves, which means that the ground is displaced perpendicularly to the direction of propagation, alternately to one side and then the other. S waves can travel only through solids. Their speed is about 58% of that of P waves in a given material.
What are Rayleigh Waves?
Rayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves that travel as ripples similar to those on the surface of water. The existence of these waves was predicted by John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, in 1885. They are slower than body waves.
What are Love Waves?
Love waves are surface waves that cause horizontal shearing of the ground. They are named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician who created a mathematical model of the waves in 1911. They are slightly slower than Rayleigh waves.
What are surface waves?
Surface waves are analogous to water waves and travel over the Earth's surface. They travel more slowly than body waves. Because of their low frequency, they are more likely than body waves to stimulate resonance in buildings, and are therefore the most destructive type of seismic wave. There are two types of surface waves: Rayleigh waves and Love waves.