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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the prefix for 1
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mono
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the prefix for 2
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di
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the prefix for 3
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tri
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the prefix for 4
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tetra
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the prefix for 5
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penta
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the prefix for 6
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hexa
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the prefix for 7
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hepta
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the prefix for 8
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octa
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the prefix for nine
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nona
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the prefix for ten
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deca
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the equation for methanol is
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CH3OH
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the equation for ethanol is
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C2H5OH
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the equation for sucrose is
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C12 H22 O11
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The equation for hydrogen peroxide is
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H2O2
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the equations for hydrogen sulfide is
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H2S
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the equation for mathane is
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CH4
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the equation for propane is
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C3H8
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the equation for ammonia is
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NH3
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the equation for water is
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H2O
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The caution hazard sybols shape and color
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yellow triangle
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a red octagon means what hazard
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danger
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An orange diamond hazard symbol means
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warning
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WHMIS stands for
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Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
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MSDS means
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MaterialSafety Data Sheet
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Classify physical properties by looking at
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physical appearance and composition
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Classify chemical properties by looking at
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reactivity
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Matter can be classified as
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pure substances and mixtures
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In pure substances, all particles that mak up the substance are
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identical
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Pure substances have chemical and physical properties that are
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constant
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a pure substance may be an
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element or a compund
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A pure substance that cannot be broken down and is made up of only one type of atom
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element
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a chemical combinationof two or more elements in a specific ratio
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compound
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a combination of pure substances
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mixture
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the diferent substances are always visible in a
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mechanical mixture
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In suspension the components are in
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diferent states
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colloids have a suspended substance that cannot be easilly
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seperated from the other substance
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In homogeneous mixtures
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the substances look the same throughout the mixture
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In heterogeneous mixtures
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The substances in the mixture look diferent
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TOo identify pure substances you look at there
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physical and chemical properties
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Physical property is measure without changeing the
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identity or compostion of a substance
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chemical change is also called
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chemical reaction
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the process that happens when a substance (s) react to create a new substance
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chemical reaction
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chemical reactions always involve the
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production of a new substance
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energy is always absorbed or rekeased during
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chemical reactions
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All chemical reactions usually involve these three things:
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the prodduction of a new substance with its own characteristics, energy flow, many cause phase change.
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robert boyle
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concluded that all gasses are made up of tiny particles that group together to make diferent substances.
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Antoine Lavoisier
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discovered that mass isnt produced or lost during a chemical reaction
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The law of conservation of mass states that
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Mass isnt lost or gained in a chemical reaction
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john daltons Atomic model stated that
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All matter is made of atoms, All atoms of an element are identical in properties, toms of diferent elements can combine to form new substances
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J.J. Thompson
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discovered the electron
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J.J. thompsons atomic model change was
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All atoms are made of smaller particles in diferent combinations to make diferent elements.
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J.J. thompson suggested that the atoms was a sphere of
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positive charge with negatively charged particles embedded in it
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ERnest rutherford
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Discovered the Nucleus
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Neils Bohr
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Discovered Energy levels
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Quantum Mechanical Model
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A mathematical probability to describe how electrons exist in atoms
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# of naturally occuring elements
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92
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# of synthetic elements
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25
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Three classes or elements
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metals, non metals, metalloids
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3 metal characteristics
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silverégrey color, shiny, conductors, malleable and ductile, solid at room temperature, reactive or unreactive.
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# or non metals
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17
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Mettaloids are unique because
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Some behave more like metals and others behave more like non metals
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Periodic table organizes elements according to their
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chemical properties
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Periodic table is organized into
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rows and columns
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horizontal rows in the periodic table are called
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periods
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vertical columns in a oeriodic table are called
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groups or famillies
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group one is
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The alkali metals
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group two is
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The alkaline earth metals
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Group eighteen is
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the noble gasses
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Group 17 is
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the halogens
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Particles are made of
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electons, protons and neutrons
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electrons take up __________ in an atom
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volume
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protons and nuetrons take up _______ in an atom
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mass
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An energy level is
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A region of space near the nucleus that may contain electrons
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the lowest energy level can hold how many electrons
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2
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Atomic number indicates
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number of protons an an element has
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Mass number
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a number indicating the number of protons and neutrons
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Atomic molar mass is
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The mass of the isotopes in an element
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ionization
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the process of gaining or losing electrons
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positively charged ions are called
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cations
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negatively charged ions are called
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anions
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elements become more stable when
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the gain or lose electrons to become more like the closest noble gas
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all metals tend to __________ to become more stable
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lose electrons
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methane is a chemical name for
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natural gas
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mathane and water contain no
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ions, only molecules
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A molecules forms when
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two or more non metalic atoms bond
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molecules are independent units made up of
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fixed numbers of atoms bonded together
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molecular subtance characteristics are
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poor conducters, do not dissolve in water well
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atoms ina molecule are joined together by
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covalent bonds
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covalent bonds form when
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aatoms share electrons
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In molecular compounds electrons are_____________ from one atom to another
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not transfered
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The 4 diatomic elements are (the gens)
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hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and the halogens
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any compound that does not have a metal or ammonium ion in it is
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molecular
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analyze the motion of an object by
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comparing the objects position to another point
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uniform motion can be shown on two graphs whish are
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distance-time graph and speed-time graph
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A straight ling with a positive slope on a distance time graph indicates
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a direct linear relationship
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the slope of a distance time graph represents the
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speed of the object
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uniform motions is
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The speed remaining the same
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distance can be calculated on a speed time graph by
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finding the area under the line of best fit
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scalar quantities are
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the magnitude or how much
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vector quantities are
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the magnitude and direction
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two examples or vector quantities are
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displacement and distance travelled
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displacement is the measurement of
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change in distance and the direction (positive or negative)
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Up and right on a graph are
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positive
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down and left on a graph are
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negative
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Two examples of scalar quantities are
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speed and distance traveled
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average velocity is uniform
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motion
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to analyze velocity you can use two graphs _________
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position time graph, and velocity time graph
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acceleration is
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the change in velocity during a specific amount of time
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the two forms of positive acceleration are
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change in magnitude and direction of a velocity are positive, change in the magnitude and the direction of the velocity are negative. (two negs two pos)
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Two forms of negative acceleration are
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change in magnitude is positive while velocity is negative, velocity is positive while change in magnitude is negative.
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for accelerated motion the line of best fit is always
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curved
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positive acceleration in a position time graph means the slope is
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increasing
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negative acceleration in a position time graph means the sloe is
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decreasing
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force is
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push or pull on an object
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work is
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whenever force moves an object in the direction of the force
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force is measured in
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newtons
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work is measured in
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joules
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the three conditions for work to be done are
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must be movement, must be a force, force and distance must travel in the same direction.
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energy is
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the ability to do work
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work and energy are
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the same
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energy is measured in
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joules
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LESSS means
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list, equations, solution, solve, sentence
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Chemical energy is
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potential energy stored in chemical bonds of compounds
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electrical energy is
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work done by moving charges
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nuclear energy is stored in
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the nucleus of an atom
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nuclear fission is when
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the nucleus of an atom is split
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nuclear fusion is when
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nuclei of two atoms combine
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solar energy results from
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hydrogen hydrogen nuclear fusion
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An object in motions has _____ energy
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kinetic
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An object raised above earths surface has ____________ energy
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gravitational potential
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mechanical energy is the sum of
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kinetic and gravitational potential energy
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kinetic energy always involves
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movement
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potential energy has the potential to
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do work
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potential energy is
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energy that is stored or held in readiness
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mass is
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the amount of matter an object contains
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weight is
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dependent on gravity and can therefore change
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the value or gravity near earths surface is
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9.81 m/s^2
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elastic potential energy is
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the change in shape of the elasticc object and in energy being stored
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potential energy is only useful when
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it is converted into other forms of energy
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energy found in chemical is called
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chemical potential energy
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the law of conservation of energy states that
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the total amount of energy in a given situation remains constant, energy can be converted from one form to another but the total amount remains constant
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TWo obvious signs of energy conversion are
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change in shape and motion
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a natural example of energy conversion is
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photosynthesis
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solar cells have no moving parts, the convert solar energy directly to
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electricity
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An open system
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exchanged both matter and energy with its surroundings
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a closed sytem
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cannot exchange matter but can exchange energy with its surroundings
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and isolated sytem
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can exchange nothing with its surroundings
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heat is
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the transfer or thermal energy from one location to another
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energy cannot be
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created or destroyed
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First law of thermodynamics is
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the total energy, including heat, in a system and its surroundings remains the same
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A truly perfect machine is ________ to create
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impossible
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the second law of thermodynamics is
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heat always flows naturally from hot to cold
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Heat never frlows naturally from
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cold to hot
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Thermodynamics is
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the study of the interrelationships between heat, work, and energy
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heat pumps are
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devices tha tuse mechanical energy to tranfer heat
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heat engines do what
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convert heat into mechanical energy
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heat pumps involve _____ when being used
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work
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energy imput is
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the initial energy source
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useful work output is
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the work the machine is supposed to do
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useful energy output is
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energy needed to do work
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the efficiency of a system can never be
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100%
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efficiency equals
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smaller over biggertimes 100
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the most important and reliable source of energy for earth is
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the sun
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all primary energy sources are in two main categories
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solar and non solar energy sources
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solar energy sources derive
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directly or indirectly from the sun
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wind energy is the result of
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heating of the surface of earth by the sun
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water energy is the result of
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the surface of water being heated by the sun
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biomass is
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any form of organic matter
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non solar energy sources have ___ ralation to the sun
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no
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renewable energy sources are
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energy sources that are continually available
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non renewable energy sources are
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energy sources that are limeted and irreplaceable
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sustainable developement means
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meeting current needs without comprimising the ability of future generations to do the same
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hans and zacharias janssen invented the microscope in
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1595
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who invented the microscope in 1595
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hans and zacharias janssen
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Robert hooke was interested in
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the structure of cork
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Robert hooke discovered ___ in 1665
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cells
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In what year did robert hooke discover the cell
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1665
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who discovered the cell in 1665
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robert hooke
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What are the 6 types of microscopes
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confocal, light, scanning tunneling, electron (scanning and transmission)
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What is a TEM
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transmission electron microscope
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wha tis an SEM
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scanning electron microscope
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What type of image does an SEM produce
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3D
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what type of image does an TEM produce
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2D
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at what level can the scanning tunneleing microscope magnify at
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the molecular level
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what does STM stand for
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scanning tunneleing microscope
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AN electron microscope uses a beam of _________ instead of light.
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electrons
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A light microscope is a ___ lens microscope
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one
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a light microscope uses light to form an ______
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image
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cells are :
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the simplest functional units of life
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cells are an _____ system
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open
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the equation for magnification is
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power of objective lens multiplied by the power of the eye peice.
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redi disagreed with the theory of
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spontaneous generation
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aristotal proposed the idea of ________ in 350 BC
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spontanious generation
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who proposed the idea of spontaneous generation?
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aristotal
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needham agreed with
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spontaneous generation
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spallanzani concluded that
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microorganisms in the air caused them to apear in the water
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Pasteur proved that spontanious generation did not exist in
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1864
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Who proved spontaneous generation did not exist?
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pasteur
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who discovered the nucleus?
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robert brown
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shleiden discovered that the nucleus was responsible for
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the developement of the cell
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schwaan discovered that
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the cell is the basic unit of all organisms
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Rudolf virchow stated what.
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that all cells arise from other pre existing cells
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The cell theory states that:
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all living things are made of one or more cells, all cells are produced from pre existing cells, all life functions take place in a cell.
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the cell theory applies to
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all living things
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an efficient open system has
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many parts that work together
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cells are highly efficient, exchange matter and energy ith there surroundings, and __________
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are all open systems
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the seven life processes are:
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intake of nutrients, movement, growth, response to stimuli, gas exchange, waste removal, and reproduction
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cells carry on all
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7 life processes
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the cell membrane
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controls what eneters and leaves the cell
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mitochondria
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produce energy for the cell
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Cytoplasm
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gell like substance in the cell that contains all the organelles
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Nuclear membrane
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controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
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nucleus
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controls the cell, like the brain.
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Chromatin
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contains the DNA of the cell
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Nucleolus
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helps in the production of ribosomes
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endoplasmic reticulum
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transports materials from one end of the cell to the other
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ribosomes
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produce protein
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golgi apperatus
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package materials and and prepares them for transport out of the cell (secretion)
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Vacuole
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stores cellular products
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lysosomes
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contain digestive enzymes
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centride
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helps with spindle formation during cell devision
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cell wall
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provides structural support, hard rigid frame
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Chloroplasts
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where photosynthesis occurs
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cytoskeleton
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internal network of fibers maintains cell structure and shape
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cohesion is
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the attraction of water molecules to eachother
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adhesion is
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attraction of water molecules to other substances
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root pressure is
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upward force on water in the xylem
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transpiration pull
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when water moiolecules evapourate through the stomata it creates a pull on adjacent water molecules
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ncreased temperature = ______ evapouration
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increased
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most water evapourates through the ____ in a plant
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stomata
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phototropism is a plants response to
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light
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gravitropisms is a plants response to
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gravitational pull
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Ionic compounds have___ and non___
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metal and non metal
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Molecular compunds have only
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non metals
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YOu can tell a compund is an acids if it has these two things
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The first letter is H or the last four letters are COOH
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Polyatomic ions are metals or non metals
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non metals
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the equation for photosynthesis is
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water+carbon dioxide-chlorophyl+light ----- > glucose and oxygen
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the equation for cellular respiration is
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Glucose +oxygen----> carbon dioxide+water+energy
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