Sci- Rocks & Minerals

Front 1

metamorphic rocks formation

Back 1

high heat and pressure combine to alter the mineralolgy, or chemical composition of a rock W/OUT MELTING IT

Front 2

types of metamorphism

Back 2

regional- high heat and pressure affect a large region of the Earth's crust
contact- occurs when molten rocks come in contact with solid rock(closest to the intrusion, can be observed by a transition zone, usually associated with high temp. and low pressure)
Hydrothermal- hot water reacts with rock and alters its chemistry

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metamorphic textures

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foliated- wavy layers of bands(gneiss, slate)
nonfoliated- lack minerals with long axes in one direction (marble, quartzite)
porphyroblasts- new metamorphic minerals grow large while the surrounding minerals remain small

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how do minerals form w/out melting?

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stability ranges exist for minerals in solid rock

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classification of metamorphic rocks

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chemical composition
texture
foliated or nonfoliated

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natural resource

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any useful substance that comes from Earth

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type of natural resources

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renewable
nonrenewable

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sedimentary rocks must be....

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clastic
organic/bioclastic
crystalline/chemical/evaporites

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clastic rocks are based on....

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most common
classified based on size of particles

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porosity

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% of open space

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chemical

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form when minerals precipitate out of solution
monominerallic- made up of one mineral (limestone,rock salt/gypsum)

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organic

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made from the remains of plants/animals
fossils- remains of preserved animals/plants

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importance of sedimentary rocks

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can provide a "snapshot" of the Earth's past
energy resources(oil,natural gas)

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weathering

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occurs wherever Eart's crust is exposed
a set of physical and chemical processes that break rock into smaller pieces

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erosion and transport

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erosion- the removal and movement of surface materials from one location to another(wind, water, gravity, glaciers)
ALL SEDIMENTS ARE CARRIED DOWNHILL BY GRAVITY
deposition-when sediemnts are laid down on the ground or sink to the bottom of bodies of water(largest grains at top)
most sediments are deposited in depressions called sedimentary basins

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lithification

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the physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks
begins with compaction- the weight of overlying sediments
cementation-occurs when mineral growth cements sediment grains together into solid rock

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features of sedimentary rocks

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bedding- horizontal layering(type depends of method of transport)
graded bedding- heavier and coarser particles are at the bottom
cross bedding- forms as inclined layers of sediment move forward across a horizontal surface

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classification of sedimentary rocks

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grain size
texture
how they formed

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igneous mineral composition

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felsic- light, hich silica
mafic- dark, low silica
intermediate- moderate amounts of biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene

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ultramafic rocks

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very dense
low silica
high iron and magnesium

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grain size

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depends on cooling rates
extrusive- formed at the surface quickly
intrusive- formed below the surface fast

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porphyritic texture

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a rock that has grains of two different sizes

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classification of igneous rocks

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chemical composition
mafic/felsic
texture/grain size
how they were formed

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igneous rocks as resources

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veins- fluid left during magma crystallization fills in cracks in the surrounding rock
pegmatites-veins of extremely large grained minerals
kimberlites-ultramfic rocks, where diamonds are found

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history

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modern geology started in 1795 with James Hutton and the concept called uniformitarianism

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igneous rocks facts

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make up most of the crust
formed by cooling and hardening of hot molten materials(magma or lava)

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magma composition

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silica most abundant compound
silica content affects melting temperature and lava flow

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origins of magma

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as pressure increases, melting point increases
as water content increases, melting point decreases
minerals have different melting points

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Bowen's reaction series

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illustrates the relationship between cooling magma and mineral formation

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classification of minerals

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physical and chemical properties
chemical composition
structure

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a mineral must

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occur naturally
be solid
be inorganic
have a specific chemical composition
have a definite crystalline structure

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high heat and pressure combine to alter the mineralolgy

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or chemical composition of a rock W/OUT MELTING IT

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contact- occurs when molten rocks come in contact with solid rock(closest to the intrusion

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can be observed by a transition zone

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foliated- wavy layers of bands(gneiss

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slate)

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nonfoliated- lack minerals with long axes in one direction (marble

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quartzite)

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monominerallic- made up of one mineral (limestone

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rock salt/gypsum)

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energy resources(oil

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natural gas)

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erosion- the removal and movement of surface materials from one location to another(wind

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water

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felsic- light

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hich silica

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mafic- dark

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low silica

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intermediate- moderate amounts of biotite

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amphibole

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kimberlites-ultramfic rocks

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where diamonds are found

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as pressure increases

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melting point increases

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as water content increases

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melting point decreases