Schizophrenia And Related Disorders - Spk

Front 1

Are hallucinations or delusions necessary for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Back 1

No. They only need two features from Criterion A, 1 of which must be these two OR disorganized thought.

Front 2

What are the five types schizophrenia?

Back 2

Paranoid

Catatonic

Undifferentiated

Residual

Disorganised

(P-CURD or schizophrenics paint cats unusual rainbow dimensions)

Front 3

How long must the symptoms persist for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Back 3

Six months, but they only need to have been in the active phase for 1 month - or less if responding to medication.

Front 4

Schizophrenia criteria A consists of what features?

Back 4

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disorganised speech

4. Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour

5. Negative symptoms such as diminished emotional expression or avolition

At least one must be 1,2 or 3.

(Devils have disorganised and gross negatives)

Front 5

Schizophrenia criterion B requires just a low level of impairment in order to meet the criteria?

Back 5

False. Functioning one or more areas such as work relationships or self-care are markedly below the level prior to onset.

Front 6

The rule outs for schizophrenia are?

Back 6

Schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. These will be ruled out by the absence of depressive or manic episodes or if mood episodes have been present for a minority of the active phase of the illness.

Substance misuse should also be eliminated.

Front 7

Course specifiers, which can only be applied after one year, include…

Back 7

1st episode currently in acute.

1st episode currently in partial remission.

1st episode currently in full remission.

multiple episodes.

multiple episodes currently in partial remission.

multiple episodes currently in full remission.

(so, first or multiple, and stage of remission or otherwise)

Front 8

Other specifiers for schizophrenia include...

Back 8

Catatonia

Front 9

What type of schizophrenia is normally characterised by disturbance that may involve stupor, negativism, rigidity, excitement, posturing and may also include mutism.

Back 9

Catatonic.

Front 10

What type of schizophrenia is usually characterised by preoccupation with one or more delusions. Typically focusing on persecution or grandeur. Patients are typically tense, suspicious, guarded, reserved, sometimes hostile or aggressive.

Back 10

Paranoid type.

Front 11

What type of schizophrenia is only characterised by regression to primitive and disinhibited behaviour. With pronounced thought disorders and poor contact with reality. They may be active but in an aimless nonconstructive manner.

Back 11

Disorganised type.

Front 12

What type of schizophrenia is characterised by continuing evidence schizophrenic disturbance but the absence of the full set of active symptoms, and might include emotional blunting, social withdrawal, eccentric behaviour and possibly hallucinations - but they are not prominent.

Back 12

Residual type.

Front 13

Are any of the signs or symptoms of schizophrenia specific only to that disorder and not attributable to other disorders?

Back 13

No, other signs and symptoms can occur in other psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Front 14

What are some of the premorbid signs and symptoms that can appear before the prodromal phase of schizophrenia, and the disease process evidences itself?

Back 14

History of schizoid or schizotypal personality is characterised as quiet, passive, and introverted with few friends. Some adolescent patients may show a sudden onset of obsessive-compulsive behaviour as part of the prodromal picture.

Front 15

What are some of the early signs of schizophrenia?

Back 15

Complaints about somatic symptoms, such as headache, back and muscle pain, weakness, and digestive problems. Family and friends may notice the person is changed and is no longer functioning well in occupational, social, and personal lives. The patient may also develop an interest in abstract ideas, philosophy, and old or religious questions.

Front 16

What are the most common form of hallucinations in schizophrenics?

Back 16

Auditory. Typically they are threatening, obscene, or insulting. There can be more than one and they can offer comment on the patient's life and behaviour.
Visual hallucinations are common, but tactile or olfactory hallucinations are unusual - they are present the clinician should consider alternate explanations.

Front 17

What is the precox feeling often reported by experienced clinicians when working with schizophrenic patients?

Back 17

Their inability to establish an emotional rapport with the patient.

Front 18

What are 3 ways of dividing disorders of thought in relation to schizophrenic patients?

Back 18

1. Thought content. reflecting the patient's ideas, beliefs, interpretations of stimuli.
2. Form of thought. Including looseness of associations, derailment, incoherence, tangentiality and word salad.
3. Thought process. Relate to the way ideas are formulated and include flight of ideas, thought blocking, impaired attention, and idiosyncratic associations. Thought control and broadcasting are common.

Front 19

What is the leading cause of death among schizophrenic patients?

Back 19

Suicide. Between 20 and 50% of patients attempt suicide.

Front 20

Patients with schizophrenia often lose track of people, times, and places?

Back 20

False, the lack of such orientation should prompt clinicians to investigate the possibility of a medical or neurological brain disorder.

Front 21

What is one way an eye examination can inform diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Back 21

Patients with schizophrenia often have a rapid eye blinking rate.

Front 22

What are the 4 other psychotic disorders that need to be considered along with a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Back 22

1. Schizophreniform disorder. Symptoms for more than one month but less than 6 months.

2. Brief psychotic disorder. between one day and one month.

3. Schizoaffective disorder when a manic or depressive syndrome occurs concurrently.

4. Delusional disorder when non-bizarre delusions are present.

Front 23

How might a depressive episode be confused with symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 23

Severe depressive episode may result in loss in functioning, decline in self-care and social isolation which can be confused with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Front 24

How are schizophrenic delusions different from delusions associated with psychotic depression?

Back 24

Delusions associated with psychotic depression usually resolve with the resolution of depression.

Front 25

How might you tell the difference between a manic patient's flight of ideas and schizophrenic's disorganised thought?

Back 25

By carefully noting whether the associative links between the topics are conserved, although the conversation may be difficult to follow because of the patient's accelerated rate of thinking.

Front 26

What personality disorders share features with schizophrenia?

Back 26

Schizotypal, schizoid and borderline personality disorders. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder can also have some underlying schizophrenic processes.

Front 27

What are the 2 key criterion categories for a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder?

Back 27

Symptoms from criterion A schizophrenia and a prominent major mood disorder (either depressive or manic) for the majority of the illness, but at least two weeks without.

Front 28

What are the course specifies for schizoaffective disorder?

Back 28

1st episode or multiple episodes and currently in an acute episode, a partial remission, or a full remission.

Front 29

What is the maximum amount of time for which one can diagnosed as having schizophreniform disorder?

Back 29

6 months, at which point a diagnosis of schizophrenia must be considered.

Front 30

How is the onset of schizophreniform disorder typically different from the onset of schizophrenia?

Back 30

It's typically more rapid and lacks a prodromal phase.

Front 31

What prognostic specifiers can be applied to schizophreniform disorder?

Back 31

With or without good prognostic features. Good features include at least 2 of the following: rapid onset of prominent psychotic symptoms within 4 weeks of 1st noticeable change in behaviour; confusional complexity; good premorbid social and occupational functioning; and absence implantable flat affect.

Front 32

Rule outs for schizophreniform disorder include…

Back 32

Medical conditions

Medications and herbal products

Schizophrenia, based on duration and onset.

Mood disorders with psychotic features - indicated by the presence of psychotic symptoms exclusively during periods of mood disturbance.

Front 33

The patient presented as well-groomed and dressed without evidence of gross disintegration personality but a bit eccentric, odd, suspicious, or hostile-possibly litigious. What disorder might they have?

Back 33

Delusional disorder.

Front 34

Why are the delusions of those experiencing delusional disorder usually characterised as being what, and this makes them difficult to treat?

Back 34

Systematic and possible content of their delusions, and the fact that they have no insight into their condition.

Front 35

What's the minimum amount of time delusions need to be present at diagnosis of delusional disorder?

Back 35

One month

Front 36

What are the types of delusional disorder?

Back 36

1. Erotomanic type.

2. Grandiose type

3. Jealous type.

4. Persecutory type.

5. Somatic type.

6. Mixed type.

7. Unspecified type

Every Great Jew Persecutes Some Mild Unkindness

Front 37

Which subtype delusional disorder has patients convinced they are being persecuted or harmed, and is often accompanied by irritability and anger?

Back 37

Persecutory type delusional disorder

Front 38

Which type of delusional disorder is characterised by delusions of infidelity and is more common in men?

Back 38

Jealous type type delusional disorder. Is often associated with acts of violence.

Front 39

Which subtype of delusional disorder sees the patient with delusional conviction that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with him or her?

Back 39

Erotomanic type. More common in women than in men, typically women and low-level jobs relieved withdrawn and lonely lives.

Front 40

Which subtype of delusional disorder present as a fixed, intensely convinced belief that they are suffering from a severe illness? And what are the 3 common forms of illness?

Back 40

1. Delusions of infestation.
2. Delusions of dismophophobia.
3. Delusions of body odour or halitosis.

Front 41

What subtype delusional disorder is characterised by 2 or more delusional things in which one is not the dominant?

Back 41

Mixed type

Front 42

What subtype of delusional disorder is specified for cases in which the predominant delusion cannot be sub typed within other categories?

Back 42

Unspecified type

Front 43

Differential diagnoses for delusional disorder include…

Back 43

Malingering
factitious disorder
schizophrenia
mood disorders
OCD
somatoform disorder
paranoid personality disorder

Front 44

What condition involves a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms which last one day but less than one month?

Back 44

Brief psychotic disorder

Front 45

What other disorders are commonly seen in patients experiencing brief psychotic disorder?

Back 45

Personality disorders

Front 46

What are the 3 subtypes of brief psychotic disorder?

Back 46

1. The presence of a stressor

2. The absence of a stressor

3. Postpartum onset

Front 47

What disorder might include at least one major symptom of psychosis, is usually an abrupt onset, and is accompanied by mobile mood, confusion and impaired attention.

Back 47

Brief psychotic disorder.

Front 48

What are the negative signs in schizophrenia?

Back 48

Flat affect

Alogia (the inability to speak because of mental defect, mental confusion, or aphasia)

Abulia (absence of willpower or an inability to act decisively)

Apathy

Front 49

What are the 5 main disorders encompassed in the schizophrenia spectrum?

Back 49

Schizophrenia

delusional disorder

brief psychotic disorder

schizophreniform disorder

schizoaffective disorder

Front 50

What are the 4D's for schizophrenia?

Back 50

Duration: 6 months.

Distress of disability.

Differentials: other psychotic disorders, Mood or cognitive disorders, physical and substance induced psychotic disorders, peculiar ideas shared by community.

Demographics: adult

Front 51

In considering a diagnosis of schizophrenia, how might mood be relevant?

Back 51

If mood is a significant component of symptomology, schizoaffective disorder or mood disorder with psychotic features should be considered. In particular they must have psychotic symptoms in the absence of mood disturbance.

Front 52

What are the subtypes for schizoaffective disorder?

Back 52

Bipolar type.

Depressive type.

Front 53

If tactile, olfactory or gustatory hallucinations are present, what should the clinician consider?

Back 53

The possibility of an underlying medical neurological disorder causing the entire syndrome, and these types of hallucinations are uncommon in schizophrenia.

Front 54

What are the durations respectively for brief psychotic disorder, schizophrenia form disorder and schizophrenia?

Back 54

Brief psychotic disorder lasts one day but less than one month.

Schizophreniform disorder the duration of at least one month but less than 6 months.

Schizophrenia needs to last at least 6 months with at least one month in the active phase.

Front 55

For the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder describes the required overlap between the disturbance and hallucinations/delusions?

Back 55

There must've been 2 weeks or more of hallucinations/delusions without major mood episode.

Front 56

How's delusional disorder differentiated from schizophrenia?

Back 56

Generally the delusions are non-bizarre, and patients do not demonstrate the same level of impaired function. Delusional disorder patients also believe their delusions are true.

Front 57

What is a common prominent feature of brief psychotic disorder?

Back 57

Paranoia. Other characteristic symptoms can include emotional volatility, strange or bizarre behaviour, screaming or muteness, and impaired memory recent events.

Front 58

What criterion A symptom for schizophrenia is not included in the criterion A for brief psychotic disorder?

Back 58

Negative symptoms.

Front 59

How many schizophrenia criterion A symptoms are required for a diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder?

Back 59

Just one, and there is no requirement for impairment in functioning.

Front 60

What areas of the brain are implicated in schizophrenia?

Back 60

Fluid-filled cavities at the center of the brain, calledventricles, are larger in some people with schizophrenia. The brains of peoplewith the illness also tend to have less gray matter, and some areas of thebrain may have less or more activity.

Front 61

What is the contribution of genetics to schizophrenia?

Back 61

10% of people who have a first-degree relative with the disorder, and anidentical twin of a person with schizophrenia has a 40 to 65% havehigher rates of rare genetic mutations.

Front 62

What neurotransmitters are implicated in schizophrenia?

Back 62

Dopamine because of the efficacy of drugs that are antagonists, and likewise serotonin.

Front 63

Was distinctive about the sensory processing of schizophrenics?

Back 63

They exhibit an inability to filter out irrelevant sounds and extremely sensitive to background noise. This results in difficulty concentrating and may be a factor in the production of auditory hallucinations, it may also be consequence with genetic defect.

Front 64

How might the family environment increase schizophrenia?

Back 64

In families where parents or caregivers behave with overt criticism, hostility, and overinvolvement in one another's lives there is a high rate of schizophrenia. This is known as the expressed emotion hypothesis.