Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia

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A serious mental disorder characterized by disordered thought, delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behaviors.

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Positive Symptoms

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A symptoms that is evident by its presence: delusions, hallucinations, or thought disorders. Adding something to their personality.

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Thought Disorder

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Disorganized, irrational thinking. Probably the most important symptom.

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Delusion

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A belief that is clearly in contradiction to reality.

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Hallucination

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Perception of a nonexistent object or event. Most common are auditory.

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Negative Symptom

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A symptom characterized by the absence of behaviors that are normally present: social withdrawal, lack of affect, and reduced motivation. Also, flattened emotional response, and povertry of speech.

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Chlorpromazine

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A dopamine receptor blocker; a commonly prescribed antischizophrenic drug.

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Clozapine

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An atypical antipsychotic drug; block D4 receptors in the nucleus accumbens.

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Epidemiology

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The study of the distribution and causes of diseases in populations.

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Seasonality effect

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The increased incidence of schizophrenia in people born during late winter and early spring.

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Hypofrontality

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Decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex; believed to be responsible for the negative symptoms.

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Major affective disorder

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A serious mood disorder; includes unipolar depression and bipolar disorder.

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Bipolar disorder

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A serious mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression.

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Unipolar depression

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A serious mood diosrder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that do not alternate with periods of mania.

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How common is schizophrenia?

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1 percent of the world's population

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Positive symptoms are caused by?

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Caused by a biochemical disorder. Involve excessive activity in some neural circuits that include dopamine as a neurotransmitter.

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Negative symptoms are caused by?

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Developmental or degenerative processes that impair the normal functions of some regions of the brain.

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What are some environmental factor related to schizophrenia?

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season of birth, viral epidemics, population density, Rh incompatibility, maternal stress, prenatal malnutrition, and latitude.

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What factors might be responsible for the seasonality effect?

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Pregnant women may be more likley to contract a viral illness during a critical phase of their infants' development. For example, if winter flu season coincide with the second trimester of pregnancy of babies born in late winter and early spring.

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What is the latitude effect?

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Increase incidence of schizophrenia they farther away one is born from the equator.

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How is population density related to schizophrenia?

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People who live in bigger cities are more likely to spread viruses more because of the higher densities.

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How long do episodes of mania and depression last?

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Mania can last a few days or several months, episodes of depression last three times as long as the mania.

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What is the dopamine hypothesis?

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Suggests that schizophrenia is caused by overactivity of dopaminergic synapses.

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Tricyclic antidepressant

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A class of drugs used to treat depression; inhibits the reuptak of norepinephrine and serotonin; named for the molecular structure.

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Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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A drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters.

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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A brief electrical shock, applied to the head, that results in an electrical seizure; used therapeutically to alleviate severe depression.

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Lithium

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A chemical element; lithium carbonate is used to treat bipolar disorder.

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Carbamazepine

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A drug (trade name: Tegretol) that is used to treat seizure originating from a focus, generally in the medical temporal lobe. Although carbamazepine is effective in treating the depressed phase of bipolar disorder, its effects on mania are more impressive.

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Monoamine hypothesis

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A hypothesis that depression is caused by a low level of activity of one or more monoaminergic synapse.

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Tryptophan depletion procedure

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A procedure involving a low-tryptophan diet and a tryptophan-free amino acid cocktail that lowers brain tryptophan and consequently decreases the synthesis of 5-HT.

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The sleep of people with depression

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Tends to be shallow; slow-wave delta sleep (stage 3 and 4) is reduced, and stage 1 is increased. REM sleep occurs earlier and REM sleep contains an increased number of rapid eye movements.

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What is one of the most effective antidepressant treatments?

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Sleep deprivation, either total or selective

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How is selective deprivation of REM sleep accomplished?

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By monitoring people's EEG and awakening them whenever they show signs of REM sleep, alleviating depression. Like that of antidepressant medications, occurs slowly, over the course of several weeks. Is practical

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What is total sleep deprivation?

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Also has an antidepressant effect. Unlike specific deprivation of REM sleep, which takes several weeks to reduce depression, total sleep deprivation produces immediate effects. Not a very practical method

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Seasonal affective disorder

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A mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep distrubances, and craving for carbohydrates during the winter season when days are short.

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Summer depression

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Sleep distrubance and loss of appetite

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What is phototherapy?

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Treatment of seasonal affective disorder by daily exposure to bright light.

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Anxiety disorder

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characterized by tension, overactivity of the autonomic nervous system, expectation of an impending disaster, and continuous vigilance for danger.

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Panic disorder

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A disorder characterized by episodic periods of symptoms such as shortness of breath, irregularities in heartbeat, and other autonomic symptoms, accompanied by intense fear.

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Anticipatory anxiety

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A fear of haivng a panic attack, may lead to the development of agoraphobia.

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Agoraphobia

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A fear of being away from home or other protected places.

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Obessive-complusive disorder

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A mental disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions.

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Obsession

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An unwanted thought or idea with which a person is preoccupied.

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Compulsion

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The feeling that one is obilged to perform a behavior, even if one prefers not to do so. Includes counting, checking, cleaning, and avoidance.

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Tourette's syndrome

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A neurological disorder characterized by tics and involuntary vocalizations and sometimes by compulsive uttering of obscentities and repetition of the utterances of others.

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What is the dopamine hypothesis?

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schizophrenia is caused by overactivity of dopaminergic synapses.