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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name a few strong radical voices of the early 20th century: Where are they from and what do they represent?
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Race Biology: Anders/Gunnar Reitzius
Eugenics Movement: Francis Galton (Typical Nordic: Herman Lundborg/Bicycle Repair Man: Karl Engstrom) Sociologist/Economist: Alva/Gunnar Myrdal Philosopher & Disciple: Axel Hagerstrom & Ingmar Hedenius Political Science/Dagens Nyheter Newspaper: Herbert Tingsten Birth Controls: Alette Jacobs, Margaret Sanger, Marie Stopes, Katti Anker Moller, Elise Ottesen-Jensen, Karolina Widerström, KK Steincke, JH Von Leunbach, Thit Jensen, Karl Evang, Johan Scharffenberg |
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Timeline: Eugenics Movement and a Rational Ethics
1830-1910 1880 1909 1919 |
1830s to 1910s: Race Biology
Research to find a pure Nordic racial type Anders and Gunnar Reitzius - In the 1890s Gunnar Reitzius examined 47,387 soldiers to establish this type. 1880s: Eugenics Movement, England Francis Galton finds increased mental weakness in working class children 1909: Swedish Society for Racial Hygien 1919: Swedish Racial Types, photo exhibit |
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Matten Eskil Winge, 1872
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What does the term the "Folk Home" symbolize?
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Established in the 1930s:
- The social welfare states, called "The Folk Home" in Sweden (1933) Multiparty System: - 8 parties in Finland, Norway and Sweden - 12 in Denmark Strong Social Responsibility - Yet also strong individualistic tendencies |
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Alva & Gunnar Myrdal:
- 3 Books? - Nobel Peace Prizes? |
Sociologist and Economist
The Population Crisis, 1934 Family and Nation, 1941 Women’s Two Roles: 1957 Home and Work. AM/Viola Klein 1975 The Nobel prize in Economics—Gunnar The Nobel Peace Prize—Alva, for her work as Minister of Disarmament |
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A Rational Ethics and the Transformed Perception of Sexuality in Scandanavia
Axel Hagerstrom Ingmar Hedenius Belief and Knowledge |
Axel Hägerström (1868-1939) Professor of Analytical Philosophy at Uppsala University
Ingmar Hedenius (1908-1982) Hägerström’s disciple and later Professor of Philosophy at Uppsala University. For 25 years (1925-50) the intellectuals debated “Belief and Knowledge,” (Tro och vetande), and changed the role of the Church of Sweden. |
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Belief and Knowledge
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Importantly, the “Belief and Knowledge” debate brought about a shift from a religious ethics to a rational ethics.
The strong message was: A society must be based on laws that can be observed and proven logically and/or scientifically. The biblical notion of “good and evil” transformed into a juridical “right or wrong.” |
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What political and philosophical movements helped change Scandinavian societies in the 1930s and 1940s? (Social Movement in the Early 1900)
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1. Impulses from abroad:
The Eugenics Movement Rebels for sexual education Socialist and Communist Influences 2. Local characteristics: A team of three persons in each country: A feminist, a physician and a politician A philosophical shift from biblical ethics to rational, intellectual, ethics |
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“Quality of life versus quantity of life”: Population Policies and Eugenics
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The reasons behind the social reform movements in the 1920s and 1930s were:
Housing Shortage Unemployment Poverty Most social radicals of this period came from large families with at least 11 surviving children (Margaret Sanger in the US, Thit Jensen in Denmark and Elise Ottesen-Jensen from Norway but who worked in Sweden) It was illegal to offer information about and sell contraceptive in: Denmark from … to 1936 Norway from 1894 to 1927 Sweden from 1910 to 1938 |
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Alette Jacobs
Margaret Sanger Marie Stopes |
Alette Jacobs opened a birth control clinic in Amsterdam already in 1882.
Margaret Sanger opened the first clinics in New York in 1916—it had to close after five days, but reopened in 1921 as the American Birth Control League. It became the Planned Parenthood Federation in 1942, funded by the government from 1965. Marie Stopes opened Mothers’ Clinic in London in 1921. Note, this clinic was for married women who sought information about contraception and sexual hygiene. She became a radical within the eugenics movement. |
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Katti Anker Moller
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Katti Anker Møller (1868-1945)
1901: Lectures about unmarried mothers 1902/1906: Opened homes for unmarried mothers in Oslo 1915: Castberg's law, “Moderskapets frigørelse” 1924: Opens clinic for maternity hygiene in Oslo. |
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Johan Scharffenberg (1869-1965)
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Head of medicine at a Norwegian prison in Oslo.
1932, published a book encouraging “hereditary hygiene” before “racial hygiene.” “When considering marriage, consider the future of your family.” |
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Karl Evang (1902-1981)
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1931: Wrote a book on family planning in prison (conscientious objector)
1932: Started Journal for Sexual Information (Populær tidskrift for sexuell opplysning) 1938: Director of the Dept. for Health and Social Services in Norway 1946: The first Director of the WHO (World Health Organization) |
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Thit Jensen (1876-1957)
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Member of The World League for Sexual Reforms in the 1920s
Starts Journal for Sexual Information in Denmark. Becomes known for her speeches about love, sex and marriage: 1923: “Voluntary Motherhood”—speech and play— inspired by Aletta Jacobs in Amsterdam 1924: “Family Planning” 1924: Started The Association for Sexual Information— with Leunbach |
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JH Von Leunbach (1884-1955)
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1912: Medical Doctor
1923: Becomes involved in family planning 1924: Establishes a clinic where poor women can be fitted with a diaphragm. 1925-1928: Heads the clinic Association for Sexual Education that Thit Jensen started in 1924. At this time he also advises Elise Ottesen-Jensen as she starts planning RFSU in Sweden. 1932: Opens a free clinic in cooperation with AO and WLSR 1936: Sentenced to 3 months in prison for performing abortions, looses his license for 5 years. |
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KK Steincke (1880-1963)
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He was a progressive Marxist with a strong Christian faith
1924-1926: Minister for Justice 1929-1935: Minister for Social Services— beliefs in ”Companionate Marriage” (1928) (By Judge Ben Lindsey, OR, 1927) promoted radical reforms that constitute the Danish social democracy today 1935-1939: As a Minister of Justice, again in the 30s, he legalized abortion in 1939 |
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Sex and Society
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Sex og samfund, (Sex and Society) was established in 1956. It is the Danish equivalence to the Swedish RFSU (The National Association for Sexual Education, 1933) and Planned Parenthood in the US.
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Karolina Widerström (1856-1949)
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She was the first female doctor in Sweden, she had a private clinic from 1888.
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Who was Elise Ottesen-Jensen and what is her legacy?
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Elise Ottesen-Jensen was the driving force behind the establishment of :
RFSU—The Swedish Association for Sex Education—in 1933 RFSL—The Swedish Assoc. for Sexual Equality—in 1950 |
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1944
1955 1975 |
1944, Decriminalization of homosexuality
1955, Sex Education compulsory in all schools 1975, Law permitting abortion on demand up to the 18th week of pregnancy |
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1979
1982 1989 1994 2009 |
1979, Battering of women falls under public prosecution
1982, Government appoints a working group on man’s role 1989, Parental leave extended 1994, Domestic partnership for homosexuals 2009, Gender neutral marriage law |
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Mandatory Sex Ed.
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Mandatory sex ed. was introduced in
DENMARK: 1970 FINLAND: 1972 – 1994; 9-step model NORWAY: 1972 SWEDEN: in 1955 USA: Still challenged in certain states |
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Model to teach stepwise development.
Model to teach sexuality through emotions. |
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The Nine-Step Developement
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Laura Mulvey: Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (1976)
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1. Scopophilia: the pleasure of looking, our voyeuristic tendencies.
2. We tend to identify with characters in a film. The star become us/ we become the star. 3. Splitting the act of looking between active/male and passive/ female. The male gaze determines the movie and the way the female character looks. |
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Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007): Films & Credo
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One Summer of Happiness (1951) by Arne Mattsson & Ingmar Bergman
Summer Interlude (1951) Summer with Monika (1953) Fanny and Alexander (1982) Credo: Always be entertaining Follow your artistic conscience Every film is your last film |
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French New Wave (1959-1962)
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Jean-Luc Goddard (1930- )
Claude Chabrol (1930-2010) Breathless (1960), Belmondo & Seeberg François Truffaut (1932-84) Jules and Jim (1962), Jeanne Moreau |
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Sex in Movies: Facts
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Sex introduced into American films in the 1910s – sexual scenes disguised as sex ed.
1920s, sex as a pleasurable commodity 1930s, foreign films as art films: 200 theatres of 20,000 showed foreign films. Art-house film vs. Grindhouse film: Summer with Monika vs. Monika, The Story of a Bad Girl (the film was seized in 1956 by the LA vice squad which declared it indecent) |
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Hays Law
Production Code of Conduct Anti-trust Law New Rating System |
Hays Law: Will Hays was a public relations man hired to change Hollywood's reputation in the 1920s.
Production Code of Conduct, 1930 Anti-trust law against studio-owned theatres, 1954 The Code was abandoned, 1968, age-based rating system in stead |
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Feminist Movement in the US from the 1960's:
1960 1963 1965 1966 1969 1972 1973 |
1960, the Pill is legalized in the US
1963, Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique 1965, Student revolt at Berkeley for racial equality and feminism 1966, NOW—National Org. for Women 1969, The Redstockings’ Manifesto 1972, Gloria Steinem MS Magazine, Open Marriage (Nena and George McNeil) 1973, Legal abortion (Roe versus Wade) |
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Simone de Beauvoire (1908-1986/Jean Paul Sartre)
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The Second Sex, 1949
“One is not born a woman, but becomes one.“ (Note the influence from existentialism) She wrote novels, philosophy, essays etc. Life-long companion to Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Nobel Prize in literature 1964, he refused it! |
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Social Reform in the 1960s
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Eva Moberg. ”Kvinnans villkorliga frigivning” (1961; Women’s Conditional Liberation):
- Inspired by the Norwegian Margareta Bonnevie’s political book about the continued subjugation of women, - Fra mannssamfunn til menneskesamfunn (1955; From a Male Society to One of Human Beings) - Kvinnans två roller (1956; The Woman’s Two Roles ) by Alva Myrdal o Viola Klein. Kristina Ahlmark-Michanek. - Jungfrutro och dubbelmoral (1962; The Belief in Virgins and Double Morals) Grupp 8, 1968 – a group of artists promoting the new feminism |
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Denmark:
How do you define the Danish "Redstockings”? What did they rebel against and how do they differ from the first wave of feminists half a century earlier? |
Redstockings established here in 1970:
Equal pay Equal rights (free abortion in 1973) Protest against Dk’s affiliation with EEC Thilde’s børn, radical women’s group - Mathilde Fibiger 1850s. Mathilde prize Femø (1971), a camp for women Faction: From 1965: factual, political literature, reports |
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Norway:
Neofeminists, 1970 Women's Front (Kvinnefronten), 1971 Association for Women in Agriculture |
Neofeminists 1970
Women’s Front (Kvinnefronten), 1971 - Against EEC like the Danish movement - Against the capitalistic system Assoc. for Women in Agriculture (Bondekvinnelaget) - Old women’s org. that is still active |
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Iceland:
Redstocking in Findland Elected President (1980-1996) |
Here the Redstockings grew out of the Women’s Right Organization (WRO, 1907)--the feminists did not focus on self-awareness but focused on political activism.
Vigdis Finnbodadòttir, elected president 1980-1996 |
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Finland:
Association 9 Finnish Women's Democratic League Tarja Halonen |
Association 9, 1966--a literary group who focused on gender equality.
Finnish Women’s Democratic League The Feminists Tarja Halonen, elected president 2000-2006; re-elected Jan. 2006-2012 |
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Movies
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Deliver Us From Love, 1973
Crème Fraiche, 1978 Tone, 1981 Ja, 1984 The Jade Cat, 1997 |
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No Man's Land, 1975
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No Man’s Land, 1975
Compare: A Room of One’s Own, 1929, by Virginia Wolf - Finding your own space - Gender free - Iconoclasm—free of patriarchal institutions - Intuitive knowledge - Sacrifices—the cost is high |
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I am Curious Yellow (Vilgot Sjoman, 1960)
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I am Curious Yellow was seen as pornographic even in Sweden while Sjöman stated it was political. In the end, critics agree. It is now viewed as a political cult movie in Sweden.
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Homosexuality in the 20th Century
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Homosexuality is a variation of human normative behavior like color blindness (Havelock Ellis, US)
The normative heterosexual behavior originates in a discourse that describes homosexuality as a failed heterosexuality What does homosexuality actually mean to you? How do you perceive it? |
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Where do we find sources on homosexuality?
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Oral History: Back to the old Icelandic sagas
Diaries Historical Archives Legal Cases: Haijby Affair, Kejne Affair Literature and Press: Oscar Wilde, Herman Bang |
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Tissot
Karl Maria Kertbeny |
1760: Tissot, a Swiss doctor, explained homosexuality as a result of masturbation
Homosexuality was regarded as a disease. 1868: Karl Maria Kertbeny officially coined the word “homosexuality.” |
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Homosexuality is Decriminalized
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Homosexuality is Decriminalized:
1930 in Denmark 1940 in Iceland 1944 in Sweden 1971 in Finland 1972 in Norway 1970s many states in the US 1976 in WA |
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Difficult Decade in Scandinavia:
- Haijby Affair - Kejne Affair Stonewall Inn in New York Cohabitation |
1950s - Difficult decade in Scandinavia:
Haijby Affair: 1930s-1950s King Gustav V The Kejne Affair: Pastor accused of abuse 1969 - The Stonewall Inn in New York: The beginning of gay pride movement 1970s - Cohabitation between two persons of the same sex is accepted by society. - Gay pride movement also in Scandinavia - Sexual Liberation: Bisexuality |
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RFSL Initiated Legislations for Homosexuals
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1944 Homosexuality is decriminalized
1978 Minimal age for intercourse is the same for hetero-and homosexual couples. 1979 Homosexuality is no longer a disease 1988 Partnership laws are equal for hetero-and homosexual couples 1994 Registered partnerships/ (1989 Dk; 1993 No; 1994 Sw; 1996 Ic; 2002 Fi) |
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Gay Men: Then & Now
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Then:
Sentenced to death 2 year at a labor camp—Oscar Wilde, 1896-98 Persecuted and sent to death camps during the Holocaust Seeking your partners in public areas—on certain streets, in parks and special bars, until 1970s Now: Annual Gay Pride Parades Domestic Partnerships and marriages in church Fatherhood as in Savage’s book, Sit comes, (Will and Grace) Brokeback Mountain discussions Open discussions in US media—It Gets Better (2010) |
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Tom of Finland (1920-1991): Tuoko Laaksonen
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Born in a Finnish village, Kaarina.
Educated as a graphic designer. Spent most of WWII in Germany where he got inspired by the soldiers in uniforms. After the war he started drawing cartoons of masculine homosexual men for which he is know today. Moved to the US and build a career around depicting the gay leather world. His work became more controversial, pornographic, in style. |
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Lesbians in Washington vs. Gays in Scandinavia
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Lesbians in Washington:
Lesbians have steady relationships to a higher degree than men 50% of lesbians live with their partner 30% of gay men do 43% of lesbians show emotions in public 21% of men do 1 of 10 lesbians are exposed to violence 1 of 25 among gay men Gays in Scandinavia: Lesbian women separate from their partner twice as often as gay men! Gay men separate from their partners 55% more often than heterosexual men divorce. |
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What is controversial about the Ecce Homo exhibit in Sweden?
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The photos recreated classical Christian motifs, but substituted the persons or the surrounding context with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-related (LGBT) issues and persons. An example of context substitution is the recreation of the motif of Mary holding Jesus (the Pietà motif), with the surrounding context being that of a medical facility, with Jesus dying from AIDS.
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Movies to Look Up
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Patrik 1.5
Show Me Low Companions: Tales from the Closet |
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Pros and Cons of Assimilation
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Pros:
The AIDS epidemic is seen as the catalyst to the processes towards assimilation into mainstream international societies—for the better and for the worse. Loss of internal unity; group consciousness that creates a strong sub-culture. Cons: Chosing a side—hetero- or homonormativity Loss of cultural history and then identity. |
