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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the second most common cause of death in USA |
Cancer (1/4 individuals develop some kind of neoplasma) |
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What is the 3 Most common malignant tumor in males? |
- Prostate cancer - Lung cancer - Colon & rectal cancer |
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What is the 3 most common malignant tumor in females? |
- Breast - Lung - Colon rectal |
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What is 3 most common cancer deaths in males |
- lung cancer - Prostate - Colon rectal |
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What is the 3 most common cancer deaths in females? |
- Lung cancer - Breast cancer - Colon rectal |
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Does the envrionment (geographical region) play a role in cancer? |
Yes it plays a crucial role |
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What are the major causes of childhood cancer |
- leukemia - lymphoma - CNS tumors - Soft tissue bone sarcomas |
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How does a tumor occur (etiology)? |
DNA mutations |
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What are the two ways by which DNA mutations can occur? |
- Inherited: Rb gene - Acquired: Environmental (work), age |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of arsenic? |
- lung/skin/hemangiosarcom - byproduct of metal smelting |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Asbestos |
- lung/ mesothelioma - Construction, brake linings |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Benzene |
- Leukemia, lymphoma - Principle component of light oil |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Beryllium |
- Lung - Misile fuel, aerospace applications |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Cadmium |
- prostate - Batteries, metal platings |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Ethylene oxide |
- leukemia - Rocket propellants |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Nickle |
- nose/lung - Ceramics, batteries |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Radon |
- lung - decay from minerals containing uranium |
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What type of cancer and what is the common use of Vinyl chloride |
- angiosarcoma/liver - Refrigerant, adhesive from plastics |
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Which type of heredity tumors are least commmon? |
Autosomal recessive syndromes |
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List the 7 factors leading to malignant tumor |
1. Self-sufficienty in growth signals (RAS, MYC, Abl oncogenes) 2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals (RB proto-oncogene) 3. Evasion of apoptosis (BCL, TP53 proto-oncogenes) 4. Limitless replicative potential 5. Sustained angiogenesis 6. Ability to invade & metastasize 7. Genomic instability due to defects in DNA repair |
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Which gene is known as the 'guardian of the genome" |
TP 53 gene |
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In what percient of tumors is TP53 loss identified |
70% |
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What is the function of TP 53 gene (i.e what are the 3 functions it can do) |
- Send a cell into Quiescent phase - Senescent phase - Apoptosis |
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What are the phenotypic tumor progression |
Excessive growth, local invasiveness & distant growth (metastasis) |
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What are the genotypic tumor progressions |
Accumulation of genetic lesions |
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What size is the smallest clinical mass and how many cell doublings are needed to achieve this mass? |
- 1 gm - 10^6 cells - takes 30 doublings from a single cell |
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Whats the largest mass of cells compatible with life and how many doubling does it take from smallest detectable mass? |
- 1 kg - 10^12 cells - 10 doublings from 10^6 cells |
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What is the Warburg effect? |
aerobic glycolysis proven by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using fluorodeoxyglucose |
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List the growth factors responsible for angiogenesis? |
- ILGF (Insulin like growth factors) - PDGF (Platelet derived growth factors - GMCSF (Granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor) |
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What two tissues separate the 2 types of ECM? |
- Basement membrane & Intersitital connective tissue |
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Define metastasize |
Known as the point where tumoral cells break through the interstitial connective tissue and basement membrane |
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What are the two ways metastasis occurs (cancer spreads) |
Lymphatic spread& hematogenous spread |
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Describe the sequence of events by which cells mestastasis |
- loosening of cells - degradation of BM - attachment to novel ECM receptors - migration of cells (through BM) |
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What percentage of newly diagnosed cancer is already metastasized? |
30% |
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What are the three karyotipic level abnormalities in cancer |
- balanced translocation: piece of chromosome moved to a different chromosome - Deletion: loss of a piece of chromosome - Aneuploidy: less/greater # of chromosomes |
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What are microRNAs? |
non coding SS RNA of 22 nucleotides long |
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What is the function of microRNAs? |
negative regulators of genes |
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how does MicroRNAs negatively regulate genes? |
- Inhibit post-transcriptional gene expression - increase expression of oncogenes - reduce expression of tumour suppressor genes |
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What is the point of no return in tumor cells? i.e cells become "immortal" |
Loss of p53 gene on chromosome 17p |
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What two viral diseases have been linked to oncogensis? |
T cell leukemia lymphoma (RNA virus) HPV (DNA virus) |
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What type of carcinoma is HPV known to produce? |
Squamous cell carcinoma |
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List the ways by which tumors evade immune cells |
- selective outgrown of antigen - negative varients - loss or reduced expresion o fhistocompatibility molecules - immune suppressions - antigen masking - down-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules |
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List the ways by which tumor can be diagnosed |
- excision biopsy - fine needle biopsy - cytologic smear (papanicolau) - frozen section - flow cytometry hematologic malignancies - special staining techniques - imuneperoxidases (hormone receptors) |
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What is molecular profiling used for? |
follow-up |
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List the tumor markers |
- PSA - HCG - CEA - CA 125 |
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does positive/increased levels of tumor marker automatically mean tumor? |
no |
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When are tumor markers used? |
after surgical intervention for follow up |
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Define paraneoplastic syndromes |
Refers to the fact that tumor cells produce hormone-like (normal) chemical agents |
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What are the characteristics of long term cancer? |
weakness, anorexia, anemia |
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What is used to identify tumor grading? |
the nuclei |
