Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Molecular clocks |
A theory in taxonomy that DNA mutations occur randomly but at a constant rate |
|
|
Alignment |
The process of matching homologous nucleotide positions of 2 or more sequences of DNA in order to code the data for analysis |
|
|
Allozyme |
One or more forms of an enzyme corresponding to different alleles in a gene |
|
|
Phytomelan |
A black, inert, carbon based material that forms a crust covering on most seeds of Asparagales |
|
|
Introgression |
Limited gene flow occurring soon after lineage split |
|
|
Phylogenic relationship |
Between groups of individuals occurring at a given point in time |
|
|
Phylogeography |
Research that works to tease apart relationships amongst genotypes within a species or closely related species and correlates it to spatial distribution |
|
|
Species complex |
A group of closely related species of infraspecies |
|
|
Synchronic species |
A group of species that lives as contemporaries, in the same period of time |
|
|
Tokogenetic relationship |
Relationship between individuals in an ancestral-descendant lineage |
|
|
Dyachonic species |
A group of species which span a period of time |
|
|
Gene lineage |
A tokogenetic history of a particular allele or gene copy |
|
|
Hybridization |
Sexual reproduction between 2 forms (population, species of infraspecies) creating a species, lineage unique to progenitors |
|
|
Incipient species |
Incomplete evolutionary speciation where intermating may still occur |
|
|
Infraspecies |
A subspecies level of classification showing minor or integrating morphological characters |
|
|
Intergrade |
Describing morphological characters not clearly delineated; pass into another form by a series of intervening forms |
|
|
Paraphyletic group |
A group of organisms containing a common ancestor but not all descendants |
|
|
Phenetics |
A means of classification based on overall similarities between taxa |
|
|
Polyphyletic group |
A group of organisms containing more than one common ancestor or the descendants of more than one ancestor |
|
|
Recombination |
Through crossing over, parental genes and alleles are shuffled into new combinations |
|
|
Apomixis |
Asexual mode of seed formation that produces clonal progeny with maternal genotype |
|
|
Couplet |
A pair of contrasting statements, leads, based on contrasting states which delineate taxa |
|
|
Dichotomous key |
A series of hierarchical couplets which aid in identification of a collected specimen |
|
|
Lineage |
Descent through time and generations creates a set of organisms interconnected by the transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring |
|
|
Modification |
A component of evolution referring to a change in the genetic material that is transferred from parent to offspring |
|
|
monophyletic group |
A group of organisms derived from a common ancestor and all and only descendants of that common ancestor |
|
|
Morphology |
The form of a living organism |
|
|
Character states |
2 forms of a character i.e. petal color or leaf shape |
|
|
Characters |
Observations based on features or attributes of a taxa(-on) that help delimit the attributes of that taxa(-on) |
|
|
Classification |
The arrangement of taxa into some type of order for cataloging and expressing relationships among taxa |
|
|
Adventitious |
Formed in an unusual anatomical position |
|
|
Primary endosymbiosis |
A theory of evolution where the mitochondria are descended from cyanobacteria engulfed by an ancient eukaryotic cell |
|
|
Secondary endosymbiosis |
Ancient red and green algae (eukaryotes) were engulfed by other eukaryotes and became endosymbionts |
|
|
Phylogeny |
The evolutionary history of a species or group |
|
|
Systematics |
Methodologies of classifying organisms and determining evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Taxonomy |
Scientific discipline of naming and classifying organisms |
|
|
Allopolyploid |
Multiple sets of chromosomes arising from more than one species |
|
|
Autopolyploid |
Multiple sets of chromosomes arising from within a species |
|
|
Clade |
A systematic designation grouping organisms based on phylogeny |
|
|
Cladistics |
A systematic approach to taxonomy with common ancestry, phylogeny as the primary criterion |
|
|
Grade |
A systematic designation grouping organisms with similar evolutionary complexity |
|
|
Voucher specimen |
An herbrarium specimen in a plant collection serving as reference material for naming taxa or part of a research project |
|
|
Protologue |
Everything associated with a new scientific name at the time of its valid publication |
|
|
Hologype |
A specimen selected to serve as a reference point when a plant species is first named |
|
|
Phylogenetics |
classifications based on evolutionary history or pattern of descent; referring to the relationship between groups
|
|
|
Palynology
|
the study of spores and pollen grains
|
|
|
Binucleate
|
referring to a pollen grain at the time of dispersal with a vegetative and only one generative nuclei
|
|
|
Trinucleate
|
referring to a pollen grain at the time of dispersal with a vegetative and two generative nuclei
|
|
|
Monad
|
a single, unfused pollen grain
|
|
|
Pollinium
|
the dispersal unit from anthers as all pollen within a theca fused into a single structure
|
|
|
Pollen polarity
|
position of one or more apertures as compared to the central axis of the original microsporocyte generated tetrad
|
|
|
Isopolar
|
describing pollen polarity where the two polar hemispheres are not different but differ from the equitorial region
|
|
|
Heteropolar
|
describing pollen polarity where the two polar hemispheres are different due to aperture placement
|
|
|
Apolar
|
describing pollen polarity where the polar and equitorial regions can not be distinguished
|
|
|
Harmomegathy
|
volume changes of pollen grains that seal pollen apertures under low humidity
|
|
|
Colpus/Colpi
|
an elongate pollen aperature where length:width is at least 2:1
|
|
|
Porus/Pori
|
an circular pollen aperature where length:width is less than 2:1
|
|
|
P/E ratio
|
describing pollen shape as the ratio of the polar diameter to the equitorial diameter
|
|
|
Sculpturing
|
describes the external features of a pollen grain
|
|
|
Intine
|
the innermost layers of the pollen wall similar in composition to the cell wall of parenchyma
|
|
|
Pollenkit
|
a sticky, yellow/orange carotenoid-like material which functions to stick pollen to surfaces
|
|
|
Circumscription
|
in formal publication, clarification of characters utilized to describe the taxa boundaries
|
|
|
Synoptic collection |
a collection of specimens representing one of each type of taxon for the region |
|
|
Monograph |
A detailed taxonomic study of all species and infraspecies taxa for a given taxonomic group over the geographic distribution of that taxa |
|
|
Isozyme
|
one or more proteins performing the same function and originating from different genes
|
|
|
Herbaria |
Repositories of preserved plant collections |
|
|
Floristics |
The documentation of all plant species in a given geographical area |
|
|
Synapomorphy |
A shared character that unites two or more taxa or lineages |
|
|
Topology |
Within a cladogram, the structure of the branching diagram representing time of evolutionary divergence |
|
|
Analytical |
Identification process where all parts of an object are viewed and evaluated independently |
|
|
Diagnosis |
A listing or assessment of characters that differentiate taxa, a diagnostic characterization |
|
|
Flora |
A listing of plant taxa of a given region, usually accompanied by keys and descriptions |
|
|
Holistic |
Identification process where an object is viewed and evaluated as a whole |
|
|
Plyclave key |
An identification device consisting of a list of numerous character states, the user chooses all that match the specimen to narrow identification |
|
|
Outgroup |
In phylogentic analysis, a taxa related to the ingroup, but not in the study |
|
|
Paedomorphosis |
Development of a derived character proceeds through and beyond the ancestral state, ontology recapitulates phylogeny |
|
|
Plesiomorphy |
An ancestral chacter |
|
|
Polymorphic |
Having more than one character state within a taxa or OUT |
|
|
Polytomy |
A branching diagram or portion of the diagram in which the lineage of 3 or more taxa arise from a theoretical ancestor |
|
|
Reticulation |
In the evolution of plants, where 2 previously divergent taxa hybridize to form a new common lineage |
|
|
Robustness |
The confidence of a cladogram or part of a cladogram represents true phylogenic relationship |
|
|
Homoplasy |
Similarity due to convergent evolution or reversal |
|
|
Nomenclature |
Formal naming of a taxa using a standardized system, usually binomial scientific names where each taxa is unique |
|
|
Strict consensus tree |
A branching diagram where differences between equally parsimonious cladograms are consolidated to a polytomy |
|
|
Ingroup |
In phylogenic analysism the taxa included in the study |
|
|
Internode |
In a cladogram, the represented evolutionary distance between common ancestors |
|
|
Maximum likelyhood |
A theory of cladogram evaluation where each cladogram is evaluated for its probability of fitting the data based on a model of evolution |
|
|
Molecular |
Of or relating to nucleic acid data; may include other molecules produced by the plant |
|
|
Morphocline |
A diagram representing the evolutionary path between character states |
|
|
Ontogeny |
The development sequence of mature organ, tissue, or cell under specific developmental gene control |
|
|
Sporophyll |
A modified leaf that produces spores and therefore functions in reproduction |
|
|
Ancestral |
Describing the most ancient or primitive character state, plesiomorphic condition |
|
|
Consensus tree |
A cladogram which combines the features of 2 or more cladograms |
|
|
Derived |
Describing the more recent or advanced character state, apomorphic condition |
|
|
Heterochrony |
An evolutionary change in rate or timing of development |
|
|
Homology |
Similarity due to common ancestry |
|
|
Entomophily |
insect pollination |
|
|
Orinthohily |
Bird pollination |
|
|
Allogamy |
Outcrossing, the movement of gametes from one individual to another, genetically distant individual |
|
|
Autogamy |
Inbreeding, the movement of gametes within one individual |
|
|
Hercogamy |
The spatial separation of anthers and stigmas to encourage outcrossing |
|
|
Interoparous |
Flowering and reproducing more than once in a lifetime |
|
|
Semelparous |
Utilization of plant resources for one episode of flowering, followed by decline and plant death |
|
|
Agamospermy |
The formation of seed without fertilization |
|
|
Aneuploidy |
Abnormalities in base chromosome number, ploidy, due to non-disjunction |
|
|
Meiotic nondisjunction |
Chromosomes stick together during meiosis, causing genetic abnormalities |
|
|
Heterostyly |
Difference in filament length amongst the anthers within a flower promote pollination by different eukarya |
|
|
Self-incompatibity |
Genetic controls which prevent self fertilization of plants |
|
|
Sprophytic self-incompatibility |
Genetic control of out-crossing determined by diploid genome of pollen parent |
|
|
Gametophytic self-incompatibility |
Genetic control of out-crossing by haploid genome of pollen |
|
|
Attract |
Works to entice an animal to visit the flower by vision or oder |
|
|
Reward |
a floral structure, pollen, or exudate, nectar which encourages repeat interactions with the flower |
