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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Molecular clocks |
A theory in taxonomy that DNA mutations occur randomly but at a constant rate Randomly occurs at a constant rate |
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Alignment |
The process of matching homologous nucleotide positions of 2 or more sequences of DNA in order to code the data for analysis Matching sequences to code for analysis |
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Allozyme |
One or more forms of an enzyme corresponding to different alleles in a gene Different forms, same function |
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Phytomelan |
A black, inert, carbon based material that forms a crust covering on most seeds of Asparagales Mylen sheath, but for the seeds |
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Introgression |
Limited gene flow occurring soon after lineage split Limited gene flow -- lineage split |
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Phylogenic relationship |
Between groups of individuals occurring at a given point in time Time in past where species shared a common ancestor |
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Phylogeography |
Research that works to tease apart relationships amongst genotypes within a species or closely related species and correlates it to spatial distribution Understanding relationship between species and their location |
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Species complex |
A group of closely related species of infraspecies Species -- complexing with infraspecies |
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Synchronic species |
A group of species that lives as contemporaries, in the same period of time Synchronized to each other |
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Tokogenetic relationship |
Relationship between individuals in an ancestral-descendant lineage Relationship between ancestors and descendants |
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Dyachonic species |
A group of species which span a period of time Group -- they're there for a period of time |
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Gene lineage |
A tokogenetic history of a particular allele or gene copy Ancestor-descendant history of a single gene |
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Hybridization |
Sexual reproduction between 2 forms (population, species of infraspecies) creating a species, lineage unique to progenitors 2 forms creating a new, unique species |
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Incipient species |
Incomplete evolutionary speciation where intermating may still occur Almost separate, but still able to mate |
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Infraspecies |
A subspecies level of classification showing minor or integrating morphological characters Subspecies showing minor differences |
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Intergrade |
Describing morphological characters not clearly delineated; pass into another form by a series of intervening forms Transitional stage or form |
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Paraphyletic group |
A group of organisms containing a common ancestor but not all descendants One common ancestor, some descendants |
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Phenetics |
A means of classification based on overall similarities between taxa Classification based on similarities |
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Polyphyletic group |
A group of organisms containing more than one common ancestor or the descendants of more than one ancestor More than one common ancestor or descendants of more than one common ancestor |
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Recombination |
Through crossing over, parental genes and alleles are shuffled into new combinations Genetic shuffling |
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Apomixis |
Asexual mode of seed formation that produces clonal progeny with maternal genotype
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Couplet |
A pair of contrasting statements, leads, based on contrasting states which delineate taxa contrasting statements |
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Dichotomous key |
A series of hierarchical couplets which aid in identification of a collected specimen Couplet series that helps with identification |
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Lineage |
Descent through time and generations creates a set of organisms interconnected by the transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring Organisms related and able to transfer genetic material (though time) |
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Modification |
A component of evolution referring to a change in the genetic material that is transferred from parent to offspring mutations arising from gene transfer |
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monophyletic group |
A group of organisms derived from a common ancestor and all and only descendants of that common ancestor All organisms from ONE common ancestor -- LUCA |
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Morphology |
The form of a living organism The outfit of the organism |
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Character states |
2 forms of a character i.e. petal color or leaf shape The personalities of an organism |
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Characters |
Observations based on features or attributes of a taxa(-on) that help delimit the attributes of that taxa(-on) Delimiting observations |
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Classification |
The arrangement of taxa into some type of order for cataloging and expressing relationships among taxa Arranging taxas to show relationships among them |
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Adventitious |
Formed in an unusual anatomical position Being unusual is adventurous |
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Primary endosymbiosis |
A theory of evolution where the mitochondria are descended from cyanobacteria engulfed by an ancient eukaryotic cell |
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Secondary endosymbiosis |
Ancient red and green algae (eukaryotes) were engulfed by other eukaryotes and became endosymbionts |
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Phylogeny |
The evolutionary history of a species or group |
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Systematics |
Methodologies of classifying organisms and determining evolutionary relationships |
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Taxonomy |
Scientific discipline of naming and classifying organisms |
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Allopolyploid |
Multiple sets of chromosomes arising from more than one species Many from one |
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Autopolyploid |
Multiple sets of chromosomes arising from within a species Sets from within |
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Clade |
A systematic designation grouping organisms based on phylogeny |
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Cladistics |
A systematic approach to taxonomy with common ancestry, phylogeny as the primary criterion Common ancestry, phylogeny, primary criterion |
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Grade |
A systematic designation grouping organisms with similar evolutionary complexity |
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Voucher specimen |
An herbrarium specimen in a plant collection serving as reference material for naming taxa or part of a research project An example specimen |
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Protologue |
Everything associated with a new scientific name at the time of its valid publication Everything associated with a new name |
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Hologype |
A specimen selected to serve as a reference point when a plant species is first named |
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Phylogenetics |
classifications based on evolutionary history or pattern of descent; referring to the relationship between groups
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Palynology
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the study of spores and pollen grains
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Binucleate
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referring to a pollen grain at the time of dispersal with a vegetative and only one generative nuclei
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Trinucleate
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referring to a pollen grain at the time of dispersal with a vegetative and two generative nuclei
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Monad
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a single, unfused pollen grain
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Pollinium
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the dispersal unit from anthers as all pollen within a theca fused into a single structure
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Pollen polarity
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position of one or more apertures as compared to the central axis of the original microsporocyte generated tetrad
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Isopolar
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describing pollen polarity where the two polar hemispheres are not different but differ from the equitorial region
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Heteropolar
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describing pollen polarity where the two polar hemispheres are different due to aperture placement
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Apolar
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describing pollen polarity where the polar and equitorial regions can not be distinguished
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Harmomegathy
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volume changes of pollen grains that seal pollen apertures under low humidity
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Colpus/Colpi
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an elongate pollen aperature where length:width is at least 2:1
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Porus/Pori
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an circular pollen aperature where length:width is less than 2:1
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P/E ratio
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describing pollen shape as the ratio of the polar diameter to the equitorial diameter
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Sculpturing
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describes the external features of a pollen grain
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Intine
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the innermost layers of the pollen wall similar in composition to the cell wall of parenchyma
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Pollenkit
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a sticky, yellow/orange carotenoid-like material which functions to stick pollen to surfaces
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Circumscription
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in formal publication, clarification of characters utilized to describe the taxa boundaries
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Synoptic collection |
a collection of specimens representing one of each type of taxon for the region Telescoping on each species |
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Monograph |
A detailed taxonomic study of all species and infraspecies taxa for a given taxonomic group over the geographic distribution of that taxa |
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Isozyme
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one or more proteins performing the same function and originating from different genes
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Herbaria |
Repositories of preserved plant collections |
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Floristics |
The documentation of all plant species in a given geographical area |
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Synapomorphy |
A shared character that unites two or more taxa or lineages |
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Topology |
Within a cladogram, the structure of the branching diagram representing time of evolutionary divergence |
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Analytical |
Identification process where all parts of an object are viewed and evaluated independently |
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Diagnosis |
A listing or assessment of characters that differentiate taxa, a diagnostic characterization |
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Flora |
A listing of plant taxa of a given region, usually accompanied by keys and descriptions |
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Holistic |
Identification process where an object is viewed and evaluated as a whole |
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Plyclave key |
An identification device consisting of a list of numerous character states, the user chooses all that match the specimen to narrow identification Matching characters and specimens to narrow identification |
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Outgroup |
In phylogentic analysis, a taxa related to the ingroup, but not in the study |
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Paedomorphosis |
Development of a derived character proceeds through and beyond the ancestral state, ontology recapitulates phylogeny |
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Plesiomorphy |
An ancestral chacter |
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Polymorphic |
Having more than one character state within a taxa or OUT More than one characteristic within groups |
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Polytomy |
A branching diagram or portion of the diagram in which the lineage of 3 or more taxa arise from a theoretical ancestor |
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Reticulation |
In the evolution of plants, where 2 previously divergent taxa hybridize to form a new common lineage |
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Robustness |
The confidence of a cladogram or part of a cladogram represents true phylogenic relationship |
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Homoplasy |
Similarity due to convergent evolution or reversal Shared character among species |
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Nomenclature |
Formal naming of a taxa using a standardized system, usually binomial scientific names where each taxa is unique |
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Strict consensus tree |
A branching diagram where differences between equally parsimonious cladograms are consolidated to a polytomy Figure agreement of phylogeny |
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Ingroup |
In phylogenic analysism the taxa included in the study The taxa focused on |
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Internode |
In a cladogram, the represented evolutionary distance between common ancestors Shows distance between common ancestors |
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Maximum likelyhood |
A theory of cladogram evaluation where each cladogram is evaluated for its probability of fitting the data based on a model of evolution Shortest answer is most likely |
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Molecular |
Of or relating to nucleic acid data; may include other molecules produced by the plant Relating to acid and molecules produced by plant |
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Morphocline |
A diagram representing the evolutionary path between character states Evolutionary path between character states |
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Ontogeny |
The development sequence of mature organ, tissue, or cell under specific developmental gene control Develop of major structures under genetic control |
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Sporophyll |
A modified leaf that produces spores and therefore functions in reproduction Modified leaf |
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Ancestral |
Describing the most ancient or primitive character state, plesiomorphic condition Oldest character state |
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Consensus tree |
A cladogram which combines the features of 2 or more cladograms |
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Derived |
Describing the more recent or advanced character state, apomorphic condition |
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Heterochrony |
An evolutionary change in rate or timing of development |
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Homology |
Similarity due to common ancestry |
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Entomophily |
insect pollination |
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Orinthohily |
Bird pollination |
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Allogamy |
Outcrossing, the movement of gametes from one individual to another, genetically distant individual |
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Autogamy |
Inbreeding, the movement of gametes within one individual |
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Hercogamy |
The spatial separation of anthers and stigmas to encourage outcrossing |
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Interoparous |
Flowering and reproducing more than once in a lifetime |
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Semelparous |
Utilization of plant resources for one episode of flowering, followed by decline and plant death |
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Agamospermy |
The formation of seed without fertilization |
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Aneuploidy |
Abnormalities in base chromosome number, ploidy, due to non-disjunction |
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Meiotic nondisjunction |
Chromosomes stick together during meiosis, causing genetic abnormalities |
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Heterostyly |
Difference in filament length amongst the anthers within a flower promote pollination by different eukarya |
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Self-incompatibity |
Genetic controls which prevent self fertilization of plants |
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Sprophytic self-incompatibility |
Genetic control of out-crossing determined by diploid genome of pollen parent |
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Gametophytic self-incompatibility |
Genetic control of out-crossing by haploid genome of pollen |
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Attract |
Works to entice an animal to visit the flower by vision or oder |
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Reward |
a floral structure, pollen, or exudate, nectar which encourages repeat interactions with the flower |
