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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Warburg effect
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Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis - a much less efficient way to breakdown glucose into ATP than the normal citric acid cycle
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Cytopathic |
Cell killing
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Contact/density inhibition |
Normal cells grown as a monolayer in culture, cancer cells will pile up to form foci
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Immortalization |
Cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely in culture
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Annual public exposure limit (NCRP) |
Continuous/Frequent: 1 mSv/year, Infrequent: 5 mSV/y
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Two hit hypothesis |
Concept that both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene need to be inactivated to promote tumor development
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Li Fraumeni Syndrome |
Mutation of p53 resulting in a wide range of spontaneous tumors
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Breast cancer susceptibility genes |
BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, Chk2, MSH2, MSH6, RAD51
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Familial adenomatosis polyposis (FAP) gene |
APC
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Familial Wilms tumor |
Gene WT1 - develop Wilms tumors
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von Hippel-Lindau disease |
gene VHL - tumros of kidney, adrenal
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Familial gastric cancer |
Gene E-CAD, tumor of stomach, breast
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Gorlin Syndrome |
Gene PTCH - basal cell carcinoma
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Cowden Syndrome |
Gene PTEN - Hamartoma
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia |
Gene MEN1 - tumor of pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid
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Cancer as a multistep process |
Iniaition, promotion, progression
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Cell crisis |
Cell enters crisis when its telomeres have shortened to the point where it can no longer divide. Crisis results in cell death - very few cells escape crisis and become immortal
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Angiogenesis |
The recruitment of new blood vessels to regions of chronically low blood supply
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Gatekeeper genes |
Tumor suppressor genes that directly regulate the growth of tumors by inhibiting cell division or promoting cell death
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Caretaker genes |
Tumor suppressor genes that indirectly promote growth by causing an increase in mutation rate (lead to genomic instability)
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Mismatch repair genes (MMR) |
MMR genes look for mismatch errors as the genome is replicated
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Ataxia telangiectasia |
AT rare autosomal recessive disease - immune deficiency, high incidence of cancer (reticular endothelial system), hypersensitive to ionizing radiation and DNA breaking agents, but not UV light. ATM gene is mutated
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Fanconi Anemia |
Spontaneous chromosomal instability, sensitivity to interstrand DNA crosslinks, sensitive to ionizing radiation
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Diencephalon |
Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
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Thalamus |
Major relay station between lower central nervous system and cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus |
Governs autonomic nervous system (homeostasis) and endocrine system
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Basal ganglia |
Facilitates voluntary movement - facilitates, supresses, or regulates. Diseases of the basal ganglia include Parkinson's and Huntington's disease
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Early effects
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AKA acute effects result from death of a large number of cellsand occur within a few days or weeks of irradiation in tissues with rapid rate of turnover. Acute damage may be reversible
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