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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Covalent Bonds
Polar/Non-polar |
atoms share electrons
polar-shared unequally non-polar- electrons shared equally |
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pH, Acid vs Base, H+ concentration
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Acid- 0-7
Base- 7-14 As the concentration of H+ increases, the pH decreases Each number on the pH scale has a H+ concentration 10 times greater than the previous number. |
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buffer
which one is in human blood? |
resists pH change
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) |
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Carbohydrates
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supply quick energy
Monosaccharides: formula C6H12O6 Disaccharides- formed by dehydration synthesis(results in formation of water) Polysaccharides: examples- cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen |
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Hydrolysis
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breakdown of a compound; reverse of dehydration synthesis
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Lipids
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Structure: one glycerol and three fatty acids
Function: -energy storage -major component of cell membrane -endocrine:some lipids are hormones |
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Fatty Acid
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hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end.
saturated- no double bondin carbon chain unsaturated- double bond in carbon chain |
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Proteins
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polymers or polypeptides considting of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. 20 different ones.
Function:growth and repair (depends on shape) |
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Amino Acid
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carboxyl group, amine group, and a variable attached to central carbon
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Protein primary structure
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sequence of amino acids
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Protein secondary structure
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hydrogen bonding between the molecules, beta-pletes and alpha-helix
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Protein tertiary structure
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3D shape of the protein
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Protein quaterary structure
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how several polypeptide chains interact with eachother
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Nucleid Acids
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polymers of nucleotides
DNA: adenine, cytosine, quanine, thymine RNA: adenine, cytosine, quanine, uracil |
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nucleotides
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phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
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Purines
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adenine, quanine
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pyrimidines
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cytosine, thymine, uracil
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Enzymes
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-large proteins
-speed up reaction by lowering energy of activation -when substrate enters active site it alters the shape of the enxyme slightly -enzymes are not degraded during reaction and are reused -function with assistance of cofactors(minerals) or coenzymes(vitamins) |
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Prions
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misfolded protein, caises all the normal proteins to misfold in the same way
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Prokaryotes
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-no membrane-bound organeelles such as nuleus
-contains a single, circular chromosome -ribosomes are small -respiration can be either aerobic or anaerobic -cytoskeleton elements, such as microfilaments, are absent -most are unicellular -most have tough external cell walls -very small: 1-10 nanometers |
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Eukaryotes
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-contain distinct organelles surrounded by membranes, such as nucleus and mitochondria
-chromosomes are wrapped with special proteins called histones -ribosomes are large -cytoskeleton elements, like microfilaments and microtubules, are present -Some (like euglena and paramecium) are single celled; many are multicellular wuth specialiced cell types -large: 10-100 nanometers -most (except plant cells adn protists) are surrounded by only a cell membrane |
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Theory of endosymbiosis
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eukaryotic cells containing organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, evolved when free-living prokaryotes took up permanent residence inside other larger prokaryotic cells
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adipose cell
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fat cell
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nucleus
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contains chromosomes, surrounded by nuclear envelope
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histones
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proteins that chromatin wraps around to create chromatin network
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Nucleolus
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inside nucleus
where ribosomes are synthesized |
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Ribosome
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made of ribosomal RNA and proteins
-site of protein synthesis |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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a system of membrane channels that traverse the cytoplasm
Rough ER: w/ ribosomes -site of protein synthesis and transport throughout cytoplasm Smooth ER: no ribosomes -synthesixes steroid hormones and other lipids -connects rough ER to the Golgi apparatus -detoxifies the cell -carbohydrate (glycogen) metabolism |
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Golgi Apparatus
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lies near nucleus and consists of flattened sacs of membranes stacked next to each other and surrounded by vesicles
Function: modify, store, and package substances produced in the rough ER; secretes substances to other parts of cell and to the cell surface for export to other cells |
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Lysosome
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sac of hydrolytic (digestive) enxymes enclosed by a singe membrane.
Function: intracellular digesstion Not in plant cells |
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apoptosis
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programed cell death
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Mitochondrion
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site of cellular respiratoin
Structure: outer double membrane and a series of inner membranes called CRISTAE contain their own DNA and can self-replicate |
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Cristae
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folded inner membrane of mitochondria
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Cell Wall
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Not in animal cells
Fungi- chitin Plants- cellulose |
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Middle lamella
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thin, gluey layer between cell walls of daughter cells
keep the two cells attached |
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Cytoplasm and Cytosol
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region between nucleus and plasma membrane
cytosol- semiliquid portion of cytoplasm |
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cyclosis
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organells carried around cell as cytoplasm cycles
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Cell or plasma membrane
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-selectively permeable
-fluid mosaic: made of many particles that can move around -Phospholipid bilayer with proteins dispersed throughout -molecules of cholesterol are embedded within membrane to make leff fluid and more stable -carbohydrates on outside for cell-to-cell recognition |
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Animal cells
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-centrioles and centrosomes
-no chloroplasts and other plastids -small vacuoles -plasma membrane only -lysosomes |
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Plant cells
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-no centrioles or centrosomes
-chloroplasts and other plasmids -large central vacuoles -cell walls in affition to plasma membrane -no lysosomes |
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selectively permeable
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the substances that pass through a selectively permeable membrane change with the needs of a cell
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solvent
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the substane that does the dissolving
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solute
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the substance thst dissolves
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hypertonic
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having a greater concentration of solute than another solution
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hypotonic
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haing a lower concentration of solute than another solution
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Isotonic
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two solutions containing equal concentrations of solute.
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Simple diffusion
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the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
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Facilitated diffusion
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relies on protein membrane channels to assist in transporting specific substances across a membrane
NO ATP REQUIRED |
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water across a membrane
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Plasmolysis
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the shrinking of a cell
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Turgid
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describes plant cells that are swollen due to excess intake of water.
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Exocytosis
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active release of particles from a cell
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Pinocytosis
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cell engulfs small dissolved particles by invagination of plasma membrane creating a vacuole
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Phagosytosis
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the engulfing of large partocles or small organisms by pseudopods forming a vacuole
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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extra-cellular substances bind to specific receptors on the cell memnbrane and are drawn into the cell into cesicles
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Sodium-potassium pump
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in nerve cells
carries sodium (NA+)and potassium (K+) across the axon membrane to return the nerve to its resting state after an impulse has passed |
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Egestion
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removal of undigested waste
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Vacuole
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single, membrane-bound structures that store substances for the cell.
-storage -contractile vacuoles pump water out of the cell |
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Plastids
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double membran efound only in plants and algae
-chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis -leucoplasts: store starch, found in roots -chromoplasts: store carotenoid pigments and are responsible for red-orange-yellow coloring |
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Chloroplasts
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green becuase contain chlorophyll
-site of photosynthesis -have an inner memnrane that forms a series of structures called GRANA -grana lie in the stroma -contain own nuclear material and can self-replicate |
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Cytoskeleton
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complex network of protein fillaments that ectends throughout the cytoplasm and gives the cell its shape and enables it to move
includes: -Microtubules- thick hollow tubes that make up cilia, flagella, and spimcle fibers -microfilaments-protein actin and help support the shape of cell |
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Microfilaments
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made of protein actin and help support the shape of the cell
enable: -animal cells to form a cleavage furrow during cell division |
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Centrioles and Centrosomes
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lie outside nuclear membrane and organize the spindle fibers for cell division
-two centrioles at right angles to each other, make up one centrosome Centrioles and spindle fibers= 9 triplets of microtubules |
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Cilia and Flagella
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Cilia= short and many
Flagella= long and many structure: 9 pairs of microtubules around two single tubules (9+2) |
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Phase-contrast miroscope
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light microscope that enhances contrast
useful with living, unstained cells |
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Electron microscopes
-transmission EM -scanning EM |
beam of electrons
over 100,000x magnification Transmission EM: -study interior of cells -tissue not alive -preparation of specinin is elaborate -only small portion tissue sample can be studied at a time Scanning EM: -useful for studying surface cells -3D image |
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Irritability
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ability to respond to a stimuli
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Freeze fracturing/ freeze etching
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study tissue using a cast of the original tissue
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Mitosis
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growth and repair of body cells
produces genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent cell |
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Meiosis
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occurs in sexually reporducing organisms
produces gametes with half the chromosome number of the parent cell |
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chromosome
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two sister chromatids coiled adn connected at the centromere
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Cell cycle
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5 stages:
-G1, S, G2 (which together are called interphase), mitosis, and cytokinesis |
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Interphase
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90 percent of life of cell
chromosomes replicate in preparation for cell division |
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Prophase
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1.nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate
2.strands of chromosomes begin to condense and become visible 3.nucleoli disappear 4.spindle fibers begin to form in the cytoplasm. extending from one centrosome to the other |
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Metaphase
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1.chromosomes line up single file located in the equator of or metaphase plate
2.centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell 3.spindle fibers run from centrosomes to the centromeres of the chromosomes |
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Anaphase
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1.the centromeres of each chromosome separate, and spindle fibers pull the sister chromosomes apart
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Telophase
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1.chromosomes cluster at opposite ends of the cell, and the nuclear membrane reforms
2.supercoiled chromosomes begin to unravel and to return to their pre-cell division condition as long, threadlike strands 3. the nuclear membrane reforms |
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Meiosis I
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aka Reduction division
1.synapsis and crossing-over occurs. |
