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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atoms combine in chemical reactions to form ______.
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molecules
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TRUE OR FALSE: Molecules can react with other atoms or molecules to form larger molecules.
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TRUE
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Compound molecule
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a molecule that contains different types of atoms
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element
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a molecule containing a single type of atom
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In chemical reactions, the molecules or atoms that are interacting are called _____.
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reactants
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The results of chemical interactions between molecules or atoms are called ______.
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products
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organic chemistry
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chemistry of molecules and compounds that contain carbon
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organic molecules/compounds
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molecules or compounds containing carbon
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inorganic molecules/compounds
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not containing carbon
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what is the only exception to a compound that has carbon but is not an organic compound?
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CO2
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Organic or inorganic: water
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inorganic
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Compound or not: CI2
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not a compound
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Compound or not: H2O
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is a compound
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Organic or inorganic: Methane (CH4)
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organic
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Molecule or not: CI2
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molecule
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Organic or inorganic: CO2
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inorganic
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Four important types of organic molecules are also referred to as _____.
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macromolecules
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The four important organic molecules:
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proteins
carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids |
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Polymers
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strings of repeaded monomers.
Polymer: whole sting of pears Monomer: each pearl |
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Proteins are polymers of _____.
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amino acids
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There are ___ (#) different amino acids.
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20
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Each amino acid has a basic backbone structure consisting of which to groups.
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Amino group and carboxyl group
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O
ll C ----OH |
carboxyl group
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H
l NH2---C |
amino group
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what makes each amino acid different?
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the R part-- changes in different amino acids
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What process takes place in order for amino acids to combine to form proteins?
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dheydration synthesis
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what is the new bond between the amino acids after they are joined together called?
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peptide bond
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why can a protein be referred to as a polypeptide?
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Its amino acids are all held together by peptide bonds
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function of a protein depends on its _____.
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shape
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the monomer for a carbohydrate is _________.
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a saccharide
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saccharides refers to ______.
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sweetness
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carbohydrates are essentially ___ molecules
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sugar
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Carbohydrates have a common factor: they are made only of __, ___, and ____.
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carbon
oxygen hydrogen |
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A single saccharide can be called a ________ even though it is just a monomer.
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carbohydrate
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monosaccharides are made of a _______.
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1) single saccharide
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In monosaccharides, Cs, Hs, and Os exist in a ratio of _____
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1:2:1 (respectively)
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What are the two main monosaccharides?
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Glucose and Fructose
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What is the difference between fructose and glucose?
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glucose- double-bonded oxygen located on top carbon
Fructose- located 2nd C from top |
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Which monosaccaride can form a ring structure, glucose or fructose?
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glucose
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What is the chemical formula for Glucose and Fructose?
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C6 H12 O6
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disaccharide
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two monosaccharides linked together
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what are the two main disaccharides?
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maltose and sucrose
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Maltose formed from ____.
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two molecules of glucose through dehydration synthesis
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sucrose formed from ____.
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molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose through dehydration synthesis
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what is the formula of sucrose and maltose?
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C12 H22 O11
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polysaccharides
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more than two monosaccharides joined together
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what are the three main polysaccarides?
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glycogen
starch cellulose |
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what is the monomer of Glycogen?
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glucose
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what is the monomer of starch?
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glucose
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what is the monomer of cellulose?
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glucose
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How are glycogen, starch and cellulose different?
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the way the glucose molecules are linked together.
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function of glycogen:
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form in which animals (including humans) store glucose
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function of starch:
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form which plants store glucose
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function of cellulose:
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structural polysaccharide that forms the plant's cell walls
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Lipids are basically ____
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fats
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monomer for a lipid is ______
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hydrocarbon
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hydrocarbon
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carbon with two hydrogens bonded to it
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hydrocarbons can link together to form long chains that are ________ (hydrophobic, hydrophilic)
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hydrophobic
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Why does water and oil separate when together in a glass?
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oil is a lipid and lipids are hydrophobic
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what is another term for hydrophobic?
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nonpolar
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Whate are the three most common forms in which lipids are found in the body?
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triglycerides
phospholipids cholesterol |
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What do Triglycerides consist of?
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three fatty acids (tri)
one glycerol (glyc) |
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What does a fatty acid consist of?
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a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end
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What is a glycerol molecule? what does it consist of?
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glycerol molecule is an alcohol, that has three carbon atoms
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most fats we eat are in the form of ____.
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Triglycerides
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most fats that our body stores is in the form of _______.
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Triglycerides
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phospholipds are like triglycerides, except that ______ is replaced with _____.
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one fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group
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phosphate groups are ____ (hydrophilic, hydrophobic)
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hydrophilic
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phosphate groups are _____ (polar, nonpolar)
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polar
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The head of the phospholipid is _____ (hydrophilic, hydrophobic)
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hydrophilic
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the tail or fatty acids of the phospholipid is (hydrophobic, hydrophilic)
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hydrophobic
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lipid bilayer
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the double layer of phospholipds where tails are in and heads are out
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Cholesterol is a _____.
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lipid
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cholesterol is made up of _____.
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hydrocarbon rings
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Where is cholesterol found?
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in animal cell membranes and animal blood and tissue
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what is the function of cholesterol?
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build and maintain cell membranes
produce steriods |
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what disease is cholesterol most commonly related to?
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cardiovascular diseases
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lipids in general are ____ (hydrophobic, hydrophilic)
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hydrophobic
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steroid hormones ____ (are, are not) hydrophobic
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are
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What are nucleic acids?
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acidic macromolecules found in the nucleus of the cell
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what are the two main nucleic acids?
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RNA and DNA
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what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
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nucleotide
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what is a nucleotide made up of?
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sugar, phosphate, base
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What are the four possible nucleotide bases fo DNA?
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Adenine
Guanine Cytosine Thymine |
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What three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the double-helix structure of DNA molecules?
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James Watson
frances Crick Maurice Willimas |
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What scientist produced x-ray photograph of DNA which helped other scientists discover DNA's double helix?
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Rosalind Franklin
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TRUE OR FALSE: Polynucleotide = DNA
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TRUE
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Adenine and ___ will bond only with each other.
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thymine
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Guanine and ___ will bond only with each other.
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Cytosine
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What type of bond holds base pairs in DNA together?
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hydrogen bond
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to hold base pairs A-T together, ____ hydrogen bonds are needed.
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2
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to hold base pairs G-C together, ____ hydrogen bonds are needed.
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3
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Which base pair is stronger?
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G-C b/c they have three hydrogen bonds holding them together
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What is the biggest difference between RNA and DNA?
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RNA is single stranded
DNA is double stranded |
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RNA doesn't use _____ instead it uses _____
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doesn't use THYMINE
uses URACIL |
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what does uracil pair with?
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adenine
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What is the sugar of RNA?
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ribose
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What is the sugar of DNA?
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deoxribose
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