Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Abiotic factors
|
nonliving factors in an ecosystem. They include: temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks, and soil
|
|
|
Abscisic acid (ABA)
|
plant hormone that inhibits growth
|
|
|
Acoelmate
|
An animal that has no true coelom (Flatworms)
|
|
|
Actin
|
Protein that makes up the thin myofilaments in skeletal muscle
|
|
|
Active transport
|
Movement of particles against a gradient, from low concentration to high concentration. Requires expenditure of energy
|
|
|
Adventitious roots
|
roots that arise above ground; exapmles are aerial roots and prop roots
|
|
|
Agonistic behavior
|
aggressive behavior
|
|
|
Alcohol fermentation
|
process by which certain cells converty pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in the absence of oxygen
|
|
|
Allantois
|
Extra embryonic membrane in bird's egg. It exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo
|
|
|
Alleles
|
Alternate forms of a gene. (ex. There are 2 alleles for height in pea plants, tall and dwarf)
|
|
|
Alveolus (aveoli)
|
Microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen and CO2 occurs
|
|
|
Amnion
|
Membrane that encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid
|
|
|
Amylase
|
Enzyme that digests starch
|
|
|
Analogous structures
|
Structures, such as a bat's wing and a fly's wing, that have the same function but not the same underlying structure. The similarity is merely superficial and reflects adaptation to a similar environment. Analogous structures are NOT evidence of a common origin or common ancestry
|
|
|
Aneuploidy
|
Any abnormal condition of the chromosomes
|
|
|
Angiosperms
|
Anthophyta or flowering plants
|
|
|
Anion
|
a negative ion
|
|
|
Antennae/ accessory pigments
|
molecules that assist in photosynthesis by capturing and passing on photons of light to chlorophyll a and expanding the range of light that can be used to produce sugar
|
|
|
Anther
|
Male part of flower where sperm (pollen) is produced by meiosis. Sits atop filament
|
|
|
Antheridia
|
structures located on the tips of a gametophyte plant and that produce sperm
|
|
|
Antibodies
|
Immunoglobins. Part of the third line of defense, the specific immune response. Each antibody molecule is a Y-shaped molecule consisting of 4 polypeptide chains
|
|
|
Anticodon
|
the three-nucleotide sequence associated with tRNA
|
|
|
Antigens
|
anything that triggers and antibody response
|
|
|
Apoptosis
|
programmed cell death
|
|
|
Archaeopteryx
|
an intermediate fossil that shows both reptile and bird characteristics
|
|
|
Archegonia
|
structures located on the tips of a gametophyte plant and that produce eggs
|
|
|
Associative learning
|
one type of learning in which one stimulus becomes linked to another through experience
|
|
|
ATP
|
adenosine triphosphate
special high-energy molecule that stores energy for immediate use in the cell |
|
|
ATP synthase
|
structure in membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts wehre ATP is formed
|
|
|
Autonomic nervous system
|
part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions, such as heart and breathing rate
|
|
|
Autosomes
|
Chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. humans normally have 44 in each body cell
|
|
|
Autotrophs
|
organisms that make their own food
|
|
|
Auxins
|
growth hormones in plants that are responsible for phototropisms and apical dominance, the preferential growth of a plant upward (toward the sun) rather than laterally
|
|
|
Backcross
|
Testcross. A technque to determine whether an individual plant or amenimal showing the dominant trait is homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb)
|
|
|
Bacterial transformation
|
the ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by uptaking foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own. Discovered by scientist named Griffith
|
|
|
Base-pair substitution
|
a mutation where one nucleotide is substituted fro a correct one in the DNA strand
|
|
|
Bicarbonate ion
|
the most important buffer in human blood. it is responsible for keeping the pH of blood at 7.4
|
|
|
Bile
|
chemical produced in the liver and released from the gall bladder that emulsifies fats. it is not an enzyme
|
|
|
Binomial nomenclature
|
System of taxonomy that we use today, developed by Carl von Linne. In this system every organism has a two-part name, like Homo sapiens
|
|
|
Biological magnification
|
Organisms at higher trophic levels have a greater concentration of accumulated toxins stored in their bodies than those at lower trophic levels
|
|
|
Biosphere
|
the global ecosystem
|
|
|
Biotechnology
|
the branch of science that uses recombinant DNA techniques for practical purposes, also called genetic engineering
|
|
|
Biotic factor
|
includes all the organisms with which an organism might react in an ecosystem
|
|
|
Biotic potential
|
The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions
|
|
|
Bottleneck effect
|
natural disasters such as fire, earthquake, and flood reduce the size of a population non selectively, resulting in a loss of genetic variation. The resulting population is much smaller and not representative of the original one. Certain alleles may be under or overrepresented compared with the original population
|
|
|
Budding
|
Splitting off of new individuals from existing ones. How reproduction occurs in hydra
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Chemicals that resist a change in pH
|
|
|
C-4 photosynthesis
|
modification for dry environments. C-4 plants exhibit modified anatomy and biochemical pathways, which enable them to minimize excessive water loss and maximize sugar production
|
|
|
Calvin cycle
|
cyclical process that produces sugar. it occurs during the light-independent reactions
|
|
|
CAM
|
Crassulacean acid metabolism. a form of photosynthesis that is an adaptation for dry conditions. These plants keep their stomates closed during the day and open at night, the reverse of how most plants behave
|
|
|
Carbon fixation
|
incorporation of CO2 into a sugar (RuBP) occurs during the cyclical process of the Calvin cy
|
|
|
Cardiac sphincter
|
band of muscle at the top of the stomach that keeps acidified food in the stomach from backing up into the esophagus and burning it
|
|
|
Carotenoids
|
Photosynthetic antennae pigments. they are orange and yellow
|
|
|
Carpel
|
female part of the flower, produce the female gametophytes, ova. Each carpel consists of an ovary stigma, and style. Also called the pistil
|
|
|
Carrying capacity (K)
|
Limit to the number of individuals that can occupy one area at a particular time
|
|
|
Cation
|
positively charged ion
|
|
|
Centrioles
|
responsible for division of the cytoplasm in animal cells; they are not present in plant cells. They consist of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a circle
|
|
|
Centromere
|
Specialized region of a chromosome that holds two sister chromatids together
|
|
|
Centrosome
|
consist of two centrioles at right angles to each other. Important during cell division in animal cells
|
|
|
Chemiosmosis
|
How ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation. Protons only flow through teh special ATP synthetase channels and transfer energy to molecules of ATP
|
|
|
Chitin
|
a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of fungi
|
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
Type of plastid that carries out photosynthesis
|
|
|
Chorion
|
membrane that lies under the shell of an egg and allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between the outside environment and the inside of the shell
|
|
|
Chromatin network
|
DNA in the nucleus that is wrapped with special proteins called histones into a visible network
|
|
|
Chromoplasts
|
type of plastid that stores pigments that are responsible for the bright colors in fruit and flowers
|
|
|
Classical conditioning
|
type of associative learning. Pavlov trained dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food. The result of this conditioning was that dogs would salivate upon merely hearing the sound of the bell even though no food was present
|
|
|
Cleavage
|
rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that begins immediately after fertilization
|
|
|
Cnidocytes
|
cells that house the stingers in cnidarians
|
|
|
Codominance
|
an inheritance pattern where both traits show at once. In humans, a person who has 2 different genes for blood type, A and B, has type AB blood
|
|
|
Codon
|
the three-nucleotide sequence associated with mRNA
|
|
|
Coelomate
|
an animal that has a true coelom or body cavity. All chordates are coelomates
|
|
|
Coenzymes
|
vitamins that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes
|
|
|
Coevolution
|
the mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species
|
|
|
Cofactors
|
minerals that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes
|
|
|
Cohesion tension
|
the attraction of like molecules tho stick together. Water molecules tend to stick together because they exhibit strong cohesion tension
|
|
|
Collenchyma cells
|
plant cells that have unevenly thickened cell walls but lack secondary cell walls. The strings of celery consist of collenchyma cells
|
|
|
Colon
|
large intestine
|
|
|
Commensalism
|
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and one is not affected by the other organism (+/o)
|
|
|
Community
|
consists of all the organisms living in one area
|
|
|
Companion cells
|
make up phloem vessels, along with sieve tube elements
|
|
|
Conjugation
|
a primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material
|
|
|
Continental drift
|
the theory that states that the continents are floating and moving very slowly. Over millions of years, seven separate continents formed from one original continent, Pangea
|
|
|
Contractile vacuole
|
structure found in freshwater protista, like paramecia and amoeba, that pumps out excess water that diffuses inward because the organisms lie in an environment that is hypotonic
|
|
|
Convergent evolution
|
type of evolution where unrelated species occupying the same environment and subjected to similar selective pressures show similar adaptations. Example: the whale (mammal) and the fish
|
|
|
Cortex
|
specialized region in a plant root or stem for storage and support
|
|
|
Cotyledon
|
food for the growing embryo in a dicot seed. The cells that make up the cotyledon are triploid (3n)
|
|
|
Covalent bonds
|
bonds formed between atoms where electrons are shared
|
|
|
CAM
|
crassulacean acid metabolism: a form of photosynthesis that is an adaptation for dry conditions. These plants keep their stomates closed during the day and open at night, the reverse of how most plants behave
|
|
|
Cristae
|
series of inner membranes in mitochondria where cell respiration occurs
|
|
|
Crop
|
structure in birds, insects, and earthworms, among others, for temporary storage of food
|
|
|
Crossing-over
|
a normal process in which homologous chromatids exchange genetic material. Crossover is important because it increases variation in the gametes.
|
|
|
Cutin
|
Waxy coating on the leaves that helps prevent excess water loss from the plant
|
|
|
Cyclosis
|
movement of cytoplasm around the cell
|
|
|
cystic fibrosis
|
the most common lethal genetic disease in US. 1 out of 25 caucasians is a carrier, characterized by build0up of extracellular fluid in the lungs and digestive tract
|
|
|
Cytochromes
|
protiens that play a key role in ETC in mitochondria and chloroplasts
|
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
division of the cytoplasm. in animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms down the middle of the cell as the cytoplasm pinches inward and the two daughter cells separate from each other. In plant cells, a cell plate forms down the middle of the cell
|
|
|
Cytokinins
|
Plant hormones that stimulate cell division and cytokinesis
|
|
|
cytoplasm
|
region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
|
|
|
Cytosol
|
Semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Decomposer
|
organisms that play a vital role in the ecosystem and that recycle dead organic matter (bacteria and fungi)
|
|
|
Dehydration synthesis
|
also known as synthesis. Process by which molecules are bonded together to form a larger molecule with the removal of water
|
|
|
Deletion
|
A mutation where a piece of a gene or chromosome is lost
|
|
|
Denature
|
Characteristic of proteins; a change in shape that stops the protein from functioning
|
|
|
DNA
|
deoxyribonucleic acid; the heritable material passed from parent to offspring
|
|
|
Diastole
|
relaxation of the ventricles of the heart. Normal diastolic pressure is 120mm Hg
|
|
|
Dicotyledon
|
plant whose seed easily breaks in two
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
The flow of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. There are 2 types: simple and facilitated
|
|
|
Digestion
|
Enzymatic breakdown, hydrolysis of food so it is small enough to be assimilated into the body
|
|
|
Dipeptide
|
a molecule consisting of two amino acids
|
|
|
Directional selection
|
changing environmental conditions give rise to this type of natural selection. One phenotype replaces another in the gene pool
|
|
|
Disruptive selection
|
this type of natural selection increases the numbers of extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms
|
|
|
Divergent Evolution
|
occurs when a population becomes isolated from the rest of the species and becomes exposed to new selective pressures, causing it to evolve into a new species. Homologous structures are evidence of divergent evolution
|
|
|
DNA polymerase
|
the enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of the new DNA strands during replication
|
|
|
Domain
|
Kindom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
|
|
|
Duodenum
|
The first 10 inches of small intestine. Where all digestion is compelted
|
|
|
Ecosystem
|
includes all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic (nonliving) factors with which the interact
|
|
|
Ectoderm
|
the outermost layer of an embryo, which develops into skin and nervous system
|
|
|
Ectotherm
|
an animal, such as fish, amphibian, or reptile, that must use environmental energy or behavioral adaptations to its body temperature, cold-blooded
|
|
|
Egestion
|
removal of metabolic waste
|
|
|
ETC
|
electron transport chain: series of molecules within the cristae membrane of mitochondria that provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
Endoderm
|
the innermost layer of an embryo, which develops into the viscera or the digestive system
|
|
|
Divergent Evolution
|
occurs when a population becomes isolated from the rest of the species and becomes exposed to new selective pressures, causing it to evolve into a new species. Homologous structures are evidence of divergent evolution
|
|
|
DNA polymerase
|
the enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of the new DNA strands during replication
|
|
|
Domain
|
Kindom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
|
|
|
Duodenum
|
The first 10 inches of small intestine. Where all digestion is compelted
|
|
|
Ecosystem
|
includes all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic (nonliving) factors with which the interact
|
|
|
Ectoderm
|
the outermost layer of an embryo, which develops into skin and nervous system
|
|
|
Ectotherm
|
an animal, such as fish, amphibian, or reptile, that must use environmental energy or behavioral adaptations to its body temperature, cold-blooded
|
|
|
Egestion
|
removal of metabolic waste
|
|
|
ETC
|
electron transport chain: series of molecules within the cristae membrane of mitochondria that provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
Endoderm
|
the innermost layer of an embryo, which develops into the viscera or the digestive system
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
system of transport channels within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
|
|
|
Endosperm
|
Food for the growing embryo in a monocot seed. The cells that make up the endosperm are the triploid (3n)
|
|
|
Endotherm
|
an animal that uses metabolic energy to maintain constant body temperature; warm-blooded
|
|
|
Energy of activation
|
the amount of energy required to start a reaction
|
|
|
Eohippus
|
A transition fossil that demonstrates that the ancient horse is an ancestor of the modern horse, Equus
|
|
|
Epicotyl
|
Part of the embryo in a seed that becomes the upper part of the stem and leaves
|
|
|
Epididymis
|
Part of testes where sperm become motile
|
|
|
Epiglottis
|
flap of cartilage in the back of the throat that directs food to the esophagus
|
|
|
Erythrocytes
|
Red blood cells
|
|
|
Ethylene
|
Gaseous plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening
|
|
|
Eukaryotes
|
Cells that contain internal membranes
|
|
|
Excited state
|
when an atom absorbs energy, its electrons move to a higher energy level
|
|
|
Excretion
|
removal of metabolic wastes
|
|
|
exocytosis
|
the release of substances from a cell
|
|
|
Exons
|
expressed sequences of DNA. DNA that codes for particular polypeptides
|
