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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the sequelae of acute complete urethral obstruction
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Acute renal failure
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What is the sequelae of chronic partial urethral obstruction
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Chronic renal failure
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Define urethrotomy
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Incise into urethra, usually done to remove calculi
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what are the two sites for urethrotomy and when would they be indicated?
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Prescrotal - used if the calculi is lodged at the cudal end of the penis. Perineal - used if calculi is lodged at brim of pelvis.
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Define urethrostomy
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This is used to create a permanent opening in a new location.
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when would you perform a urethrostomy?
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When there is a recurrent urthral obstruction that can not be fixed medically
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what is the preferred location for a urethrostomy in the dog?
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Scrotal approach
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What is the preferred approach in a cat when doing a urethrostomy?
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Perineal Urethrostomy
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In a perineal urethrostomy, what part of the urethra is being opened and sutured to the skin?
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The pelvic portion
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Why do we use metzenbaums scissors for the deep dissection around the scrotum amd prepuce?
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To avoid damage to the pudendal nerve
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what 2 muscles should you isolate and transect at their insertions on the ischium?
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Ischiocavernosus and ischiourethralis muscles
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After a perineal urethrostomy, the animal is incontient, what nerve have you damaged?
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Pudendal nerve
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What is the landmark in cats that denotes the most cranial aspect to disect during a perineal urethrostomy?
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Bulbourethral glands
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Why do we remove sutures at 7 days post op with perineal urethrotomies?
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After 7 days you can see a suture abcess
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With which procedure does an animl urinate out of its abdomen?
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Antepubic urethrostomy
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what breed of dog is predisposed to having a prolapsed urethra?
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Bulldogs
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Why do we remove sutures at 7 days post op with perineal urethrotomies?
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After 7 days you can see a suture abcess
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With which procedure does an animl urinate out of its abdomen?
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Antepubic urethrostomy
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what breed of dog is predisposed to having a prolapsed urethra?
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Bulldogs
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What is the number 1 reason for bladder surgery?
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Cystic calculi
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In which animals is a patent ductus urachus most common?
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Horses and Cows
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Where do we insice when fixing a patent urachus?
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We cut at the level of the detrusor muscle
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What is a vesicourachal diverticulum
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It is the persistence of a part of the urachus at the apex of the bladder
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How do we trat a vesicourachal diverticulum
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Partial cystectomy (diverticulectomy)
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If you take a sample of blood and a sample of perionteal fluid and urea is equal in both asmples, what do you have?
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Uroabdomen - urea molecule equilibrates quickly.
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If you take a sample of blood, and a sample of peritoneal fluid and creatnine is higher in the fluid then the blood what do you have?
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Uroabdomen - Creatnine molecule is generally too large to cross membranes and will become sequestered in the urine/fluid in belly and not cross back over into the blood stream
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Do do a cystogram on a patient, what must you correct before the test?
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hypovolemia - the patient must be normo-volemic before cystogram or IVP
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If a urinary bladder has ruptured more then 24 hours in the past, what should be done to correct the severe uremia?
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Peritoneal dialysis
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What are 2 pros and 2 cons to doing laser lithotripsy?
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Pros - Minimally invasive and hospital time is shorter
Cons - Longer anesthesia time/cost and the procedure time is longer |
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When attempting a cystotomy, where do we cut?
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We incise on the ventral aspect in an avascular area as to avoid the trigone.
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What must be preserved when performing surgery on the bladder?
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The lateral ligaments that contain the ureters
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What are 3 different suture patterns we use to close the bladder?
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Cushing follwed by a lembert, simple continous, simple interrupted
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What is the most common and also most malignant cancer of the bladder?
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Transitional cell carcinoma
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What benign growth may mimic neoplasia in the bladder of dogs?
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Inflammatory polyps (polypoid cystitis) - this can be involved with chronic cystitis
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what breed of dog is predisposed to bladder cancer?
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Scotties
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When doing a celiotomy, what suture sizes should you use to close the abdomen?
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<5kg use 3-0
5-10 use 2-0 10-30 use 0 moe then 30 use 1 |
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a scrotal hernia is what kind of inguinal hernia?
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Indirect
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what structures do we need to be careful of during scrotal hernia repair
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Pudendal Artery and Vein as well as Genitofemoral Nerve
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When does an insicional hernia occur?
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Up to 7 days post surgery
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What is our number one worry with perineal hernias?
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Retroflexion of the bladder
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What muscle is usually associated with perineal hernias?
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Levator ani, and secondarily coccegeus
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What is the procedure for doing a sterile abdominal lavage?
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22ml/kg sterile saline into abdo. Leave in for 30 mins and then use passive drainage to get it out
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Concerning diagnositcs with a peritoneal lavage, what is the cut off for WBC's that tells us that the dog has peritonitis
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more then 2000 WBC per cc
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The kiwi sign in radiography is indicitive of what disease?
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Biliary mucoceles
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Define episioplasty
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Approach taken to fix perivalvular dermatitis
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Define episiotomy
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Approach taken for vaginal surgery
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Spica splint
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Applied over shoulder or hip
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Velpeau splint
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Applied on the flexed forelimb to support should luxation or scapular fracture.
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Ehmer splint
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Used as a non-wt bearing splint for the hind limb. Used when there is a coxofemoral luxation or a fracture
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Which lung lobe is generaelly the one that is involed in a lobe torsion?
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Right middle lobe
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What stone is most commonly associated with blockages?
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Struvites
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What diameter of the medullar cavity should an IM pin fill?
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60-70%
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If you see a puppy that has fallen, what kind of fx do you expect
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Salter Harris 4
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Monteggia fracture
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Fracture of the proximal ulna, combined with the cranial dislocation of the radial head.
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Varus is a deviation in what direction?
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Inward
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Varus is a deviation in what direction?
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Inward
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Valgus is a deviation in what direction?
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Outward.
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Classifications of patellar luxations
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1 - in
2 - more in then out 3 - more out then in 4 - out, and theres nothing we can do about it |
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Valgus is a deviation in what direction?
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Outward.
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What tests do we use when testing for a torn cranial cruciate ligament
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a positive drawer test or a positive tibial compression test
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Classifications of patellar luxations
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1 - in
2 - more in then out 3 - more out then in 4 - out, and theres nothing we can do about it |
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What tests do we use when testing for a torn cranial cruciate ligament
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a positive drawer test or a positive tibial compression test
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What is a "creeping substitution" reffering to?
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A cortical bone graft
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What is the difference between radiosurgery and electrosurgery?
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With radiosurgery, the electrode stays cool and only heats tissue. With electrosurgery, they entire piece heats up and can cause collateral damage.
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What is electrofulgarating?
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Painting the surface with current
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power density
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How much electricity we re delivering - high density will cut well, where a low power density wil coagulate
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What are the 3 modes of delivery for laser surgery
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Contunuous, pulse/chopped, super pulse
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Concerning photodynamic therapy, what is the maximum depth we can treat?
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1cm
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What bone in the pelvis is primarily involved with load transmission
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Ilium
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When would we surgically manage a fracture in the ischium?
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If it is at the ischial tuberosity or it is hitting the sciatic nerve
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What are we referring to when we talk about the rule of 15's?
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We don't want inta-abdominal pressure higher then 15mmHg and we don't tilt the table more then 15 degrees
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What are we referring to when we talk about the rule of 15's?
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We don't want inta-abdominal pressure higher then 15mmHg and we don't tilt the table more then 15 degrees
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When tilting a table, if you tilt the head down, what is the "official term"
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Trendelengburg
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When tilting a table, if you tilt the head down, what is the "official term"
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Trendelengburg
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When removing nuclus pulposus material, what kind of surgery do we do, and where is it removed from?
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We do a ventral fenestration and it removes the material from the intervetebral spaces (not spinal canal or foramina
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When removing nuclus pulposus material, what kind of surgery do we do, and where is it removed from?
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We do a ventral fenestration and it removes the material from the intervetebral spaces (not spinal canal or foramina
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What is the preferred site for a urethrostomy in the male dog?
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Scrotal approach - castrate and redirect urethra though the empty sac
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What elective procedure, may make treatment of diabetics or epileptics easier?
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Castration/OHV
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hypospadias
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The urethral orifice opens ventral and caudal to it's normal position. Treat by excising the penis and prepuce
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Phimosis
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Can't extrude the penis from the sheath - shorten prepuce
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Paraphimosis
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Inability to retract penis into sheath - tx medically first by attempting to retract the penis, if surgical - preputiotomy and a partial penile amputation
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hypospadias
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The urethral orifice opens ventral and caudal to it's normal position. Treat by excising the penis and prepuce
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Why do we suture the tunica albugenia in a penile lacteration?
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To control the bleeding of the cavernosus muscle
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Phimosis
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Can't extrude the penis from the sheath - shorten prepuce
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Paraphimosis
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Inability to retract penis into sheath - tx medically first by attempting to retract the penis, if surgical - preputiotomy and a partial penile amputation
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How do we perform a partial penil amputation
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Transect os penic, and then transect urethra 1-2 cm cranial to that point. Suture urethra to tunica albugenia and cut back prepuce
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Why do we suture the tunica albugenia in a penile lacteration?
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To control the bleeding of the cavernosus muscle
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How do we perform a partial penile amputation
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Transect os penic, and then transect urethra 1-2 cm cranial to that point. Suture urethra to tunica albugenia and cut back prepuce
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Who gets BPH?
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Intact older males
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What is the most common complaint with BPH
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Opstipation
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What is the top tumor type in prostates
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adenomas
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Who do we see prostatic neoplasm in?
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Both intact and castrated male dogs
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When doing prostate sx, what should you evaluate for beforehand
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sepsis - prostatic abcesses are associated with this
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What surgical procedure is done with all surgical management of prostatic disease?
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Castration
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When is marsupialization indicated in prostate sx
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When there is a unilocular, cyst or abscess
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How are multilocular prostatic cysts treated?
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Via penrose drains, whites technique, or subtotal prostatectomy
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What is white's technique?
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Omental drainage of a multilocular prostatic cyst
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What are the advantages of doing a subtotal prostatectomy?
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It has a lower recurrence of abscess and UTI's. Also, there is less chance of incontience as opposed to total prostatectomy
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When do we do a total prostatectomy?
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When abscesses or cysts have been refractive to other treatment. Use PPA to counteract incontience
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What is the most common type of mammary tumor?
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Benign fibroadenoma
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Where do mammary tumors usually occur in dogs?
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At the level of the 4th or 5th gland
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If spayed early, (before first estrus) what is the reisk of a dog getting mammary tumors?
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Less then .5%
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If spayed after the first, but before the second estrus, what is the risk of a dog getting mammary tumors
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About 25%
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What is the rsk in cats, for a non spayed female to get mammary tumors?
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7X's higher then spayed queens
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In cats, what is the most common tumor type for mammary neoplasia
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Adenocarcinoma
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If lesions involve more then 50% of the kidney, what procedure is done?
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Nephroureterectomy
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What is the TOC in an intrmural ureter>
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Neoureterocystotomy
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How do we treat a vesiculoruachal diverticulum
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Partial cystectomy (aka diverticulectomy)
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What do we expect with urea and creatnine in regards to bladder rupture
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We expect the urea to be even in the peritoneal fluid as well as the serum. With creatnine we expect it to be higher in the peritoneal fluid
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What is the most common indication for cystotomy in cats and dogs
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calculi
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Aside from cystostomy, what can we do surgically for calculi?
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Laser lithotripsy
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When cutting into the bladder, where do we cut to avoid the vascular area?
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ventral surface
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What ligaments do we preserve in bladder surgery and why?
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The lateral ligaments, because that is where the ureters live
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For urethrostomy, in dogs what is the surgical apporach we use?
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Scrotal
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In cats, for urethrostomy, what is the surgical approach we use?
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Perineal
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What surgery is common in cats with nasal SCC
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Nasal planum resection
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When entering the thoracic trachea, where do we approach from?
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The third intercostal space
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What is the technique we normally use to surgically treat tracheal collapse?
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Extraluminal stents
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When do we use intraluminal stents in tracheal surgery
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When doing a salvage procedure
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Which type of prosthesis is preferred when using stents for the trachea?
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Total ring prosthesis over using spiral, as spiral causes more damage and potential necrosis
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What is the most common approach to surgical treatment in the thorax
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Left 4th intercostal space
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When would a median sternotomy be indicated?
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To access the entire lung field for exploratory, a partial pericardectomy, or for aortic valve replacement
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Spontaneous pneumothorax is attributed to blebs on the lung. With what disease is this thought to be associated with?
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COPD
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What are the 3 things that lung lobe torsion are associated with (sequelea)
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venous congestion, consolidation, and pleural effusion
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Which lung lobe is associated with lung lobe torsion in pugs
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Left cranial lung lobe
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What lung lobe is associated with torsion in all dogs besides pugs
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Right middle lung lobe
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