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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incubation period
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from moment of infection until symptoms appear; variable, may be several hours to several weeks.
- depends upon number of organisms, state of host, etc. |
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Prodromal period
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is an early non-specific symptom (or set of symptoms) indicating the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur.
For example fever, malaise, headache and anorexia (lack of desire to eat) are part of the prodrome for mumps or a variety of infective disorders. |
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Acute period/Illness-
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symptoms are at their peak
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Convalescence-
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stage of recuperation and recovery; see sharp decline in/ of symptoms
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endotoxin
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- Gram (-) cells
- bound to cell wall, released upon cell death - lipopolysaccharide materials - stable: wihstands several rs of 60 C - weakly antigenic - nonspecific systemic effects - weakly toxic, fatal at high [] - Salmoneliksis, tuarenic |
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exotoxin
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- gram (+) cells
- extracellular secretion - polypeptide materials - unstable - denatured > 60C - Stronly antigenic - Very specific on body - Powerful toxins - Botulism, gas gangrene, staph food poisoning |
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Botulism
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- Affects PNS (cranial nerves)
- Prevents Ach release |
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Tetanus
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spinal nerves/ motor neurons
- prevents release of inhibatory mediators - Causes continued contractions of muscles |
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Neurotoxin
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causes paralysis
- damage the nervous sysem |
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Enterotoxin
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causes vomiting and diarrhea
- Cholera - Outflx of Na+ and Cl- ions occurs along with huge water loss |
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Cytotoxins
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- kills cells by lysing or interfering with mechanisms.
- ex. hemolysin |
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Microorganisms must leave one host to be _______
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transmitted to another
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GI bacteria routinely exit/are shed in the ______
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feces
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Respiratory organisms may be expelled in _______
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droplets o saliva
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Organisms that inhabit the skin may be transmitted how?
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By shedding of the skin
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Three examples of portal of entry
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- Inhalation
- Ingestion - Direct contact |
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To cause diseas, a pathogen must:
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- Be transmitted from its reservoir
- Colonize a surface of or enter the new host |
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Factors of whether or not a perosn contracts a disease
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- dose
- Population characteristics |
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how many organisms is the person exposed to
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dose
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herd immunity, general heatlh, age, gender, religious/culuteral practices and genetic background are examples of this
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population characteristics
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The three most common sites of nosocomial infections
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- Urinary tract
- surgical site - respiratory tract |
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Three bacteria that commonly cause nosocomial infections
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- Enterococci
- E coli - Pseudomonas - Group D strep |
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Normal GI flora, common cause of urinary tract, as well as wound and blood infections
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Enterococci
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the most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections
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E. Coli
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Resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials.
- Common cause of hospital acquired pneumonia |
Pseudomonas
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can colonize intravenous catheters, organisms seed into bloodstream and increse likelihood of a systemic infection
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Staphylococcus
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Three sources of bateria that can case a patient to contract a nosocomial infection
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- Other patients
- the hospital environment - medical personnel - patient's own normal flora - Most of the time is from equipment |
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epidemic acquired through food, water, etc.
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Common source epidemic
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epidemic contracted through person to person contact
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propagated epidemic
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Three diferent modes of transmission
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- contact
- vehicle - vector |
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Incubation period
|
from moment of infection until symptoms appear; variable, may be several hours to several weeks.
- depends upon number of organisms, state of host, etc. |
|
|
Prodromal period
|
is an early non-specific symptom (or set of symptoms) indicating the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur.
For example fever, malaise, headache and anorexia (lack of desire to eat) are part of the prodrome for mumps or a variety of infective disorders. |
|
|
Acute period/Illness-
|
symptoms are at their peak
|
|
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Convalescence-
|
stage of recuperation and recovery; see sharp decline in/ of symptoms
|
|
|
endotoxin
|
- Gram (-) cells
- bound to cell wall, released upon cell death - lipopolysaccharide materials - stable: wihstands several rs of 60 C - weakly antigenic - nonspecific systemic effects - weakly toxic, fatal at high [] - Salmoneliksis, tuarenic |
|
|
exotoxin
|
- gram (+) cells
- extracellular secretion - polypeptide materials - unstable - denatured > 60C - Stronly antigenic - Very specific on body - Powerful toxins - Botulism, gas gangrene, staph food poisoning |
|
|
Botulism
|
- Affects PNS (cranial nerves)
- Prevents Ach release |
|
|
Tetanus
|
spinal nerves/ motor neurons
- prevents release of inhibatory mediators - Causes continued contractions of muscles |
|
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Neurotoxin
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causes paralysis
- damage the nervous sysem |
|
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Enterotoxin
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causes vomiting and diarrhea
- Cholera - Outflx of Na+ and Cl- ions occurs along with huge water loss |
|
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Cytotoxins
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- kills cells by lysing or interfering with mechanisms.
- ex. hemolysin |
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Microorganisms must leave one host to be _______
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transmitted to another
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GI bacteria routinely exit/are shed in the ______
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feces
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Respiratory organisms may be expelled in _______
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droplets o saliva
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Organisms that inhabit the skin may be transmitted how?
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By shedding of the skin
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What are the four signs of the inflamatory response?
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- swelling
- redness - heat - pain - loss of function |
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Antibodies are produced by a specialized form of B cell called a _______
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plasma cell
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Why is there a difference between primary and secondary responses in memory B cells?
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- primary occurs first
- secondary last longer |
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Which cells in the immune system are phagocytoic
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Macrophages and neutrophils
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Lysozyme
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enzyme that damages bacterial cell walls by catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages.
- Abundant in a number of secretions - Also present in cytoplasmic granuals of polymorphonuclear neutrophils |
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Plasma cells
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antibody producing B cells
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Memory cells
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long lived B cells that respond more quickly if the same antigen is encountered again
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Interferons
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type of cytokine important in the control of viral infections
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What are examples of sterile fluids
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Blood, CSF, pleural, pericardial
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Where in the lab are different organisms cultured?
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- Labs set up according to site of infection.
- AFB and fungi = isolated negative pressure room - Viruses kept seperate because need a host |
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What common medias are used in lab?
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- MacConkey for G-,
- CNA for G+, - blood agar common for both. - chocolate agar and blood agar would be used for enrichment, while CNA and MacConkey would be selective. |
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What causes a blood culture to be determined positive?
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- Reading the color change on the bottom of the bottle; when the bacteria grow, produce CO2, which results in a color change and a positive reading.
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1. From PCMH: How are the bacteria that cause gonorrhea and Chlamydia diagnosed by the lab?
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DNA probes
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pathogen
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- an organism that causes a disease in an otherwise healthy individual
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bacteremia
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- is the presence of bacteria in the blood.
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group of fungi that cause the most serious mycoses; they occur as molds in the environment, but assume other forms, usually yeasts when they invade tissues. Infection occurs usually through inhalation of spores from mold.
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dimorphic
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disease that has a sudden high incidence in a population; moribidity (# sick) and mortality (# deaths) rates are high enough to pose a health problem for the community
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epidemic
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disease that is constantly present in the population of a given area
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endemic
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a source of an infectious agent: humans, animals, non-living
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reservoir
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world wide epidemic
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pandemic
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disease that usually occurs in animals and is accidentally passed on to humans
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zoonoses
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inanimate objects that may act as a reservoir for disease. Ex: doorhandle
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fomites
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animals or arthropods that can transmit a disease to humans
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vector
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passage of the pathogen through a host not normally infected with the pathogen; after multiple passages through this host; the pathogen may adapt to its new environment and consequently no longer be virulent in the original host
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transposal of virulence
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the ability of a pathogen to cause disease
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virulence
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- infection-bacteria, viruses
- infestation-parasites - intoxication-toxins |
infection vs. infestation vs. intoxication
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passage of pathogen through animal host in order to increase virulence
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animal passae
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____ is something observed in the patient upon examination
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sign
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_____ is something felt by the patient
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symptom
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______ invovles attaching known antibodies to the well to detect angigen in a specimen.
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direct ELISA
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_________ involves attaching a known antigen to a well and testing for the presence of antibody
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Indirect ELISA
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- is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine
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epidemiology
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minimum inhibitory concentration of a compound usually an antibiotic, that is the concentration; that is the lowest amount that will stop bacterial reproduction
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MIC
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