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253 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is HIPPAA?
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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Define Sequella
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An illness or injury that follows a a direct result of a previous condition or event.
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What does applying heat do?
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Dilates
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What system includes the heart and lungs?
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Circulatory System
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Define septic?
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Toxic; dirty
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What are the five components of communication?
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+Sender:The orginastor or source of the idea
+Message: the idea +Medium or channel: Means of trasnsmitting the idea (verbal or nonverbal) +Receiver: The person who receives and intreprets the message +Interaction: The receiver's response to the message through feedback. |
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What is CAM?
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Complementary Altertative Medications.
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What is an example of CAM?
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herbs and vitamins
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What is incongruence?
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Working with
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List some ways to communicate?
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verbal, nonverbal, body language, pictures.
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Define pain threshold?
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Lowest intensity of a stimulus that causes a subject to recognize pain.
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What is the best way to keep down infection?
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Handwashing..DUHHHH.
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What does Cold application causes?
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Constriction
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What is Blood Pressure determined by?
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Systolic/Distolic
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What is normal axillary temperature?
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98.6F
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What is the most common nosocomial infection?
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Urinary Tract Infection
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Why do we use sterile technique?
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Keep down on infection
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Define aneurysm?
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a dilation of the wall of a vessel that causees the formation of a sac;
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What is a definitive way of checking for placement with a Nasogastric tube?
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X-ray
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Define definitive?
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Processive
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When do you save a specimen for a test to be ran on it?
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When the doctor orders it.
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What is a decubitis?
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Pressure ulcer
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Name some clean body parts?
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GI tract, upper respiratory, mouth
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Name a sterile body part?
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urinary.
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What is the destruction of most bacteria?
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Disinfection
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What is the process that destroys all microorganisms and spores.
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Sterilization
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What is the purpose of medical aspesis?
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Prevent spread of disease
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What is the process of making a person/client feel like an object or to remove one's dignity.
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Dehumanize
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When does discharge begin?
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Upon admission
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What are some nursing responsibilities?
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Caring for patient, following doctor's order, safety.
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When do you save a specimen for a test to be ran on it?
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When the doctor orders it.
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What is a decubitis?
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Pressure ulcer
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Name some clean body parts?
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GI tract, upper respiratory, mouth
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Name a sterile body part?
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urinary.
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What is the destruction of most bacteria?
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Disinfection
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What is the process that destroys all microorganisms and spores.
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Sterilization
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What is the purpose of medical aspesis?
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Prevent spread of disease
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What is the process of making a person/client feel like an object or to remove one's dignity.
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Dehumanize
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When does discharge begin?
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Upon admission
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What are some nursing responsibilities?
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Caring for patient, following doctor's order, safety.
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What would you do if the apical pulse is lower than the radial?
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That is impossible the radial pulse would never be higher than the apical pulse.
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Where do you palpate for pulses?
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Carotid, Brachial, Radial, Femoral, Dorsal Pedialis, Posteria Tibialis
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What do you check before getting a patient out of bed?
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The PHYSICIAN'S Orders
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What do you need to know before giving insulin?
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The Blood sugar
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When would you use an alias?
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When you have a patient that is the governor, in witness protection, a prisoner, a celibrity.
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What is AMA?
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Against medical advice
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What is AWOL?
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absent with out leave
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What is the 5th vital sign?
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Pain
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How do you measure the 5th vital sign?
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On a scale of 1-10 rate your pain.
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What is the measure of body heat?
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Temperature
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What part of the body controls temperature?
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The hypothalamus
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What is clinical hypothermia?
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When the body's temperature is lowered for the purpose of surgery or hemorrahaging.
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What is define as the pressure of blood against the wall of vessels.
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A Pulse..
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What factors determine the pulse rate?
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Heart rate, age, gender, and weight.
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A fact to know
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Your pulse increase 10bpm for every degree of fever.
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What are some terms to define pulse quality?
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Bounding, thready, full irregular, regular, and imperceptible
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When listening for aprical pulse what are you listening for?
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LUB and Dub... DUHHHH
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What are the 2 main gases in the body?
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Oxygen (O2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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How do you determine the pulse pressure?
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By subtracting the distolic from the systolic.
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What are some reasons blood pressure would change?
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A Hemorrhage and the size of the vein.
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Why do we always collect data?
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Because the information on a client is constantly changing.
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List some risk factors?
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Age, gender, and hereditary factors
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List some lab test?
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Hematocit, Hemoglobin, RBC's, WBC's, Platelets, Potassium, Sodium, PT, PTT, INR....etc
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Why would you get a urine sample?
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First ewwwh... But to determine infection, pregnancy, or suspecion of drug use
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What does a change in bowel habits indicate?
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Illness
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What would blood, pus, or mucus in the stool indicate?
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perforated (pierce or puncture) bowel or death.
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What can cause a false positive guiac?
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Hemorrhoids or hemorrhage
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Where can you get a specimen from?
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Sputum, mucus, wound, drainage, sperm, nails, nares, hair sample, tissue, anus, CSF, mouth, etc.
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What consists of a person intake?
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water, food, IV solutions, ice cream, medicine.
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What consists of outake?
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Feces, urine, emesis, wound drainage, diarrhea
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What manifestations would you see with a decrease in Potassium (K+) ?
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Irregular heart rate
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Why would you not apply a warm application to a wound?
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Because the infection would get in the bloodstream and become septic.
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What is a reason for a patient not to be sent for an x-ray?
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The patient is pregnant.
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What is normal urine output?
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30mL/hr
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What is the term to describes the point where the cranial nerves "cross" in the back.
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Decussation
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What is systolic?
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The top number or when the heart pushes the blood out.
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What is dystolic?
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The bottom number or when the heart relaxes.
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What is normal blood pressure?
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120/80
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When would apply a cold pack?
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swellin,heat exhaustion, or surgery.
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What is fractional urine and why would this be ordered.
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When you collect the urine either every 4, 6, or 8 hours. This test determines if the kidneys are functioning properly.
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What drives kidney function?
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Blood pressure
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How does a person on hemodialysis kidney's stop functioning?
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Years of high blood pressure.
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How do we collect a 24hr urine specimen?
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Get the container, put it on ice. start colletion after the client Voids the first time until that time the next day.
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What is residual bladder?
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Urine left over after you void (pee, make water, tinkle)
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How do you measure residual bladder?
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A bladder scan or by inserting a in and out catheter.
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Give an example of applying dry heat.
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Electric heating pad or heat lamp
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Give an example of moist heat.
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Soak, sitz bath, whirl pool
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Why would you give moist heat?
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To dilate.
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What is ROM?
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Range of motion
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What is PROM?
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Passive Range of Motion
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What would put a patient at high risk if they are going off to surgery?
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Hydration status, NPO, vital signs (particularly BP-risk for bleeding), blood work, electrolyte, drug abuse.
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What would you teach a patient prior to surgery?
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Coughing, deep breathing, how to splint, and how to use an incentive spirometer
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What type of pain does a diabetic have?
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diabetic neuropathy.
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What could long term pain lead to?
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Chemical dependency or suicide
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How woud you document pain?
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Scale of 1-10, document direct quotes from patient, and check back with patient in 30 minutes to see how effective medication is.
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The nurse has given a patient their pain medications. After 30 minutes has pass the nurse returns to find the pain has not been relieved what would the nurse do?
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Call the doctor
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Why would you give a sedative with an antianxiety medication prior to surgery?
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To relax the patient so the general anesthesia can work better.
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Why is the surgeon the first to change a dressing after surgery?
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So he can see any signs or symptoms of bleeding or infection. See if sutures or staples are intact.... Therefore clearing his name if anything was to occur after.
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What is an important thing to ask prior to a scheduled same day surgery?
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Do you have any transportation home.. The person is not driving themselves.
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What did Elizabeth Kubler Ross come up with? List them.
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Stages of dying.
1. Denial and Isolation 2. Anger and rage 3. Bargaining and Developing Awareness 4. Depression 5. Acceptance and Peace 6. Detachment. |
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What is the rule of 3?
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A person could live 3 minutes without oxygen, 3 days without water, and 3 weeks without food.
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What is defined as a strip of cloth or gauze?
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A bandage or binder.
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What is the purpose of a bandage or binder.
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1. Supporting a limb or joint
2. Supporting a vwound or incision 3. Holding dressings in place 4. Holding a spint in place. 5. Holding a cold pack or warm pack in place. 6. Immobolization of a joint or limb 7. maintaining a limb in a specific position 8. Providing compression, to promote venous return or prevent edema. 9 To shape a stump prior to fitting a prosthesis 10. Promoting venous return |
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What does PNA?
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peripheral neurovascular assessment.
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What is and evaluation of the status of an extremity encased in a bandage or cast?
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Peripheral neurovascular assessment.
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Who can perform a PNA?
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A RN, but a LPN assist in making and reporting the observations.
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What is noted in a Peripheral neurovascular assessment (PNA)?
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Skin color, finger or toe motion, sensation in fingers or toes, distal pulses, capillary refill, edema or swelling, pain, severe pressure or tightness, skin temperature.
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FYI: Loose bandages are not therapeutic. Just as you will check frequently to see if the bandage is too tight, you must also chek to see if it is too loose.
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That one was a FYI>>>
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What is the most commonly used bandage?
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Elastic roller bangage or ACE (all cotton elastic).
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Define Kerlix?
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A type of gauze that is used to hold dressings in place or apply pressure; it is stretchy.
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What is Tube Gauze used for?
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It consists of a net or mesh- type material, that is very stretchy and is often used to hold a wound dressing in place and are frequently used in first aid and in burn care. TAPE IS NOT REQURIED TO HOLD IN PLACE.
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NURSING ALERT:
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When applying a large stretch-net bangage to the torso, be sure to tell the client beforehand that the netting will be moved over the head in order to place it around the body. This will help to alleviate apprehension about the process.
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What is another name of a antiembolism stocking?
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TED stocking aka thromboembolic disease stockings
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Define antiembolism stocking or TED stockings?
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Elastic stockings that cover the foot (not the toes) and the leg, up to the knee or mid-thigh.
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When do you apply TED stockings?
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Before the client gets out of bed or after the client has remained recumbent (lying down) for at least 15 minutes.
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FYI about TED's.
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The stockings fit tightly without binding the leg or cutting off circulation.
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What is the rationale for applying TED's before the client getos out of bed or after the client has remained recumbent for at least 15 minutes.
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Doing so prevents pooling of fluid or blood in the leg, which increases the pressure from the stockings and alters their effect.
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What are some things you need to assess when using a antiembolism stocking?
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Check the client's Peripheral neuorvascular assessment (PNA) at least every 2 hr, remove the stockings at least once every 8 hrs and examine the leg carefully for redness, pitting edema, orskin discoloration. and Wash client's legs gently each day, apply lotion if skin is dry, and apply clean stockings.
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NURSING ALERT:
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Some antiembolism stockings are designed to have a hole in the top for examinationof the toes. Other types have the hole in the bottom. Chenk the package to determine which type you are using. The key is to fit the client's heel firmly into the heel pocket of the stocking.
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What are the different names for a PCD Machine?
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Sequential compresion device ( SCD) or intermittent sequential compression device (ISCD)
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Define PCD?
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Pneumatic compression device(PCD) and it provides alternating pressue to the legs.
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What the purpose of a PCD?
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To support circulation and is used primarily for clients immediately after surgery and for those with circulatory disorders.
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What is a wide, flat piece of fabric that is applied to support a specific body part or to hold a dressing in place?
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Binder
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What are 2 commonly used binders?
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Arm sling and T-binder
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Key concept>>>>>>
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Occasionally, a breast binder will be ordered for a woman agter childbirth. However, usually the client is instructed to wear a good support bra instead.
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What are T-binders used for?
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As a first aid measure or to hold rectal or perineal dressings in place.
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What is a wide, flat piece of fabirc that is secured around the trunk of the client's body to support the abdomenor dressings on the abdomen?
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Abdominal binder
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When are abdominal binders most often used and why?
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After abdominal surgery to hold dressings in place.
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Nursing Alert>>>>>>>>>>>
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it is important to check the position of the binder frequently, particulary if the client is mobile. The binder could move up and inhibit respiration or could slip down and lose it effectiveness.
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FYI>........
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Instead of bandages and binders, strips of hypoallergenic tape sometimes are used to hold a client's dressings in place.
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Define macerations?
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Skin softening and breakdown due to moisture accummulation and lack of circulation.
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When removing tape what directions should it be removed?
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In the direction of hair growth for less discomfort.
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What can be applied to loosen the adhension of tape on a client's skin?
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Acetone
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Nursing alert>>>>
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Be careful with acetone and other substances used to remove tape adhesive. Never use these liquids near an open flame, the client's eyes, or on an open wound! Be alert that some clients may be allergic to tape or acetone. Aslo, remember that acetone will remove nail polish and paint from surfaces and may damage other suraces, such as latex or plastic.
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What are easily removable straps that stay in place to facilitate dressing removal?
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Montgomery straps
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Nursing Alert.>>>>.
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If the client complains of pain or itching while any bandageis in place, assess the area immediately for bleeding, exudates, swelling, or changes in skin color. Report abnormailities to our team leader immediately. Many people are allergic to tape.
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What doe heat applications cause?
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Vasodilation (enlargement of the blood vessels).
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What does vasodilation cause?
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increase blood flow to the area and aids in removal of waste products for injured tissues.
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List some purposes of heat application.
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1. relieves local pain, stiffness, or aching, particularly of muscles and joints.
2. Assist in wound healing 3. Reduces inflammation 4. Makes the chilly client more comfortable 5. Raises the body's temperature. 6. Promotes drainage (draws infected material out of wounds) |
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FYI>>>>>>>>>
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Because heat must be fairly intense to produce the desired effect, burns may result if heat is applied improperly or for too long.
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FYI>>>>>>>>>>
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Remember that heat applied over a large area affords more warmth;however the potential for injury is greater thatn that of heat applied over a small area.
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List the types of dry heat.
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With a warm-water bag, waterproof water-filled heating pad (aquathermia pad), heat lamp, electric heat cradle, or electric heating pad.
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Why are moist hear applications better than dry heat applications?
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Moist heat applications warm the skin more quickly and are more penetrating than dry heat becuase water is a better heat conductor thatn air.
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List the types of moist heat.
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With compressions, packs, or soaks, including sitz bath and a whirl pool.
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Nursing Alert>>>
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Applying heat to localized areas of infection, such as an abscess or infected appendix, may cause rupture of the area. heat application is contraindicated in this case. Systemic spread of the infection (generalized septicemia) may occur. This can be life-threatening.
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Define aquathermia (Aqua-K) pad?
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Pad which produce a dry heat by the use of temperature- controlled water flowing through a waterproof shell.
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List uses for aquathermia (Aqua-K) pad.
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Treat muscle sprains and mild inflammaions and for pain relief.
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What should you check frequently when using an aquathermia (Aqua-K) pad?
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Make sure it is heating properly and not overheating. Report malfunctions to the facility's maintenance department.
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What is the range for a hot application?
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37.7-40.5C or 100-105F
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What is the range for a warm application?
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35-37.7C or 95-100F
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What is the range for a tepid application?
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26.6-35C or 80-95F
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What is the range for a cool application?
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18.3-26.6C or 65-80F
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What is the range for a cold application?
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10-18.3C or 50-65F
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Can anyone operate a heat lamp or ultrasound? Expain answer.
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NO.. Specially trained personnel give heat lamp and ultrasound treatments because these personnel must carefully regulate the client's exposure to light rays to prevent injury.
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What do infrared rays (IR)provide?
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They relax muscles, stimulate circulation, and relieve pain.
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What is ultraviolet (UV) rays used for?
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To treat skin infections and wounds. They are not as penetrating as infrared rays. Can be obtained from the sun
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What is a method of appying deep, penetrating heat to muscles and tissues?
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Ultrasound (US)
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Nursing Alert>>>>
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The ultrasound machine has a timer that must be in good workng order It must be set correctly to ensure that adequate treatment time is provided and to prevent injury to the client. The nurse must have specific inservice education before administering US treatments.
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Can a nurse just give heat cradle therapy?
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No.. A primary healthcare provider must order this treatment and specify the time limits.
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What can be used to mount on the inside of a bed cradle to create a heat cradle?
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A lamp, light bulb, or special heater.
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Nursing Alert<>>>
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Do ot perform any type of heat lamp treatment without a specific order and special training in the use of athe equipment.
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Define electric heating pad.
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A covered network of wires that emits heat when electricity passess through it
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When is an electric heating pad contraindicated?
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With children; confused, irrational, or unresponsive persons; clients who are suicidal; or clients who have spinal cord injuries.
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Why are dry electric heating pads seldomly used in healthcare facilities?
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Because it poses many hazards.... DUHHH
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What is used to apply moist heat to an area to stimulate circulation, ease pain, promote wound drainage and to apply medications.
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Warm, moist compresses and packs.
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Why would you use tepid water and not warm water around a client's eyes?
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The eyelid and the skin around the eye are thin and delicate structures, easily prone to injury.
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FYI.....
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wach your hands carefully and wear clean gloves before applying eye compresses because the eye is highly susceptible to infections.
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List some reasons fo ra war soak.
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1. Improve circulation
2. Increases blood supply to an infected area. 3. Assists in breaking down infected tissue. 4. Applies medications 5. Cleans draining wounds 6. Loosen scabs and crusts from encrusted wounds. |
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FYI>..>><>
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Although the tub is usually not sterilized between clinets, it must be cleaned throughly with soap, disinfectant, and water, per agency protocol.
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What should the temperature be for a soak and how long does one usually last?
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no highter than 40.5C/105F and it should last anywhere from 15-20 minutes.
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What is a bath used to apply heat to the pelvic area?
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Sitz bath
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Whom are sitz baths often prescribed for?
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Clients who have given birth or who have undergone rectalor perineal surgery.
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What could happen to a client who has vasodilaton from heat application over a large area of the body?What is a safety precaution associated with this?
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Hypotention (low blood pressure). All clients shold be monitored closely and assisted when rising.
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Why might a heat application be contraindicated in clients with known cardiac conditons or those taking certain caridac edications and medications to lower blood pressure?
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These people may be more susceptible to changes in blood pressue and blood flow.
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When is an application of heat almost always contraindicated? Why?
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If the client is actively bleeding, because heat application can increase blood flow and thus increas the bleeding.
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What does cold applicaton cause?
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Vasoconstrictions (shrinkage of blood vessesl)
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What does vasoconstriction cause?
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Decease amount of blood flow to an area, slowing the body's metabolism and its demand for oxygen.
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Define cold applicaton.
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Prevents escape of heat from the body by slowing circulation, which also relieves congestion and often relieves muscle pain.
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List the uses of Cold Applications.
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1. Slows or stops bleeding
2. Slows bacterial activity in clients with an infection. 3. Relieves pain following some types of surgery, tooth extraction, headache, or muscle or joint injury. 4. Reduces swelling in injured tissues,including spains and fractures. 5. prevents peristalsis in clients with abdominal inflammation. 6. Relieves pain in engorged breast. 7. Controls pain and fluid loss in the intital treatment of burns. 8. Diminishes muscle contraction and muscle spasms. |
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How long do you have to apply a cold application for it to be more effective than using a heat application for a sparin or other soft tissure injury?
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It is the preferred treatment withing the first 48 hours after injury.
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List the methods of applying cold applications.
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compress,icecap,isce collar,ice pack, sponge bath, and hypothermia (cooling) blanket.
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What reduces swelling and inflammation in soft tissue injuries or after tooth extractions?
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Cold, moist compresses.
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List the dry cold applictions.
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Icecap, ice collar, or ice bag.
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FYI>>>
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Aprimary healthcare provider prescribest eh applicationof dry cold to a specific part of the body. However, an ice bag can usually be applied for a headache or in an emergency, such as a sprain or nosebleed, without an order.
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Nursing Alert>>><<<
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If the skin becomes mottled or numb, remove the ice pack... DUHHHHH
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Key Concept<<<>>>>
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Some gel-filled packs also are available. These packs can be frozen or heated and used as either a cold or hot pack. These packs are resuable for only one client. Be aware that someof these bags may be frozen or heated in the microwave. Read the manufacturer's instructions carefully.
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NURSING ALERT>><<<>
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Many ice bags particularyl ones wiht the capsule or crystals, become very cold. They can cause frostbite fairly quickly. Therefore, use extreme caustion when applying these. If the client's skin becomes blanched or extremely red, discontinue treatment immediately and check to see what should be done. In the event of client complaints of burning ai, treatment should be stopped immediately and the charge nurse or primary healthcare provider notified.
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What does burning pain indicate on a client with a cold application?
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Tissue ischemia (lack of blood supply) and may lead to tissue necrosis (tissue death).
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What is a bath with water below body temperature, usually in the range of 80 to 95F?
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Tepid sponge bath
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When would a tepid sponge bath be ordered?
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To reduce a client's elevated temperature
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Nursing Alert...<><<<>
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do not use alcohol.. becuase alcohol cools too much, because it evaporates very quickly.
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FYI
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A tepid sponge bath may be temporarily soothing, but it may not produce a marked temperature drop unless it is used for an extended period.
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What is the minimum time for a tepid sponge bath?
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30 minutes.
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Define hypothermia blanket (cooling blanket).
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Is a plastic mattress pad through which very cold water flows continuously.
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What are hypothermia blankets (cooling blankets) used at?
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in surgery
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Why are cooling blankets used in surgery?
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Because they slow body processes and help prevent complications resulting for unstable temperature regulation.
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Key concept....<>><>
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Hypothermia blankets may also be used in cases of extremely high body temperatures that are uncontrollable with medications but do have a degree of risk when used for this purpose. The risk occurs because the cold interferes with normal febrile(fever) response. Fever-producing pathogens cause the body's termperature regulatory center (hypothalamus) to produce a new body temperature set point in the body's effort to fight off the pathogen's negative effects. (normally, the set point of body temperature is 37C or 98.6F.) When the hypothalamus raises this set point to a higher temperature, the body attempts to reach this new set point with mechanism that begin the febrile response--shivering and peripheral vasoconstriction. Using a hypothermia blanket during this phase of the febrile response decreases the actual body temperature, moving it further away form the set point. Thsi may cause an even more severe febrile reaction.
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Nursing Alert<<<>>>
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When using any method for cooling the client's body, have bath blankets readily available to use in case of chilling.
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What is the best method to obtain a temperature?
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Rectally.. OMG that is only an exit... :-)
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When is cold humidity ordered?
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for clients who have breathing difficulties.
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How would you administer cold humidity to a child/
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By placing them in a croupette or humidity (mist) tent.
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Why should all oxygen administered be humidified?
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To prevent drying of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat.
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What is used to provide a high concentration of moisture in the inhaled air?
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Face tent.
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What is defined as the body's signal of distress?
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pain
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What is the function of pain in the body?
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Protective, warning that tissues are being damaged and that the person needs to move away fro the source of the adverse stimulus, if possible.
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Define nociception?
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normal pain transmission and interpretation
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What are the 4 phases of normal pain transmission?
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1. Transduction: The nervous system changes painful stimuli in the nerve endings to impulses.
2. Transmission: The impulses travel from their orginal site to the brain. 3. Perception: The brain recognizes, defines, and responds to pain. 4. Modulation: the body activates needed inhibitory responses to the effects of pain. |
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What is IASP?
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Inernation Association for the Study of Pain.
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What are the 3 categories of pain according to IASP?
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1. Acute pain
2. Chronic pain 3. Cancer pain |
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What type of pain results abruptly?
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Acute pain
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How long does acute pain last?
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6 months or less, and is usually intermittent, not constant.
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What is another word for acute pain?
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nociceptive pain.
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What are some causes of acute pain?
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Accidental trauma, infection, and surgery.
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Define referred pain.
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Pain that originates in one body part but is perceived in another part of the body.
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Referred pain is most often associated with what?
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Originates within the viscera (internal organs)
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What type of pain is the result of some sort of malignancy?
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Cancer pain
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What type of nursing often involved with the management of cancer pain?
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Hospice nursing
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What is another name for chronic pain and define it?
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Neuropathic pain... discomfort that continues for a long period, 6 months or longer.
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What is the cause of chronic pain?
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It is unknown.
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What are some symptoms of neuropathic pain?
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burning, tingling sensations, and/or shooting pain.
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What type of pain resists therapeutic interventions?
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Intractable pain
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FYI...<><>
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Intractable pain can have a known cause, such as an inoperable, invasive tumor, or the cause may be unknow.
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What can follow when a person fails to express feelings?
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Suppressed anger may turn inward and cause depression.
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What are some symptoms of depression?
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Exteme fatique, inability to sleep or sleeping too much, lack of interest in surroundings, lackof or excessive appetite, guilt feelings, sexual impotence, and withdrawal from social activities.
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Key concept...
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Remember: if a client feels pain, the pain is real.....
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What is the lowest intensity of a stimulus taht causes the subject to recognize pain.
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Pain threshold.
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Define pain tolerance.
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The point at which a person can no longer endure pain.
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What are endorphins?
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naturally occurring substances thast relieve pain. That are released with exercise and other forms of physical stimulation.
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where are endorphins produced?
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In the central nervous system.
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What decreases endorphin production?
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Intake of certain chemicals and foods, including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, salt and sugar.
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What helps to increase the client's pain threshold and increase the client's pain tolerance?
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Medications and other interventions.
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How can pain be judged in children from ages 3 to 7?
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the wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale ( a picture scale)
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How can pain be judged in a child younger than 3?
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By observing the child's face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC). This tool depends on the caregiver's accurate observational skills because the child cannot verbally describe pain.
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What does COLDSPA stand for in describing a client's symptoms, including pain?
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Character,Onset, Location, Duration, Severity, Pattern, Associatef factors of related occurences
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How can pain be described?
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aching buring cramping crushing driling dull grinding hammering knifelike mangling penetrating piercing pounding radiating sharp shooting stabbing tearing throbbing tingling or undulating
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how can pain duration be described?
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occasional intermittent spasmodic constant
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How can pain severity be described?
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Mild slight moderate severe excruciating
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What can be an associated factor to pain?
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visual disturbances, nausea bomiting fatigue depression anorexia muscle spasms anger and aggression, withdrawal, tearfulness, or regression
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key Concept..<<<><
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After pain is identified, focus nursing care and client and family teaching on breaking the cycle of chronic pain as soon as possible.
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Define analgesics.
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medications that relieve pain
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What does PCA pump stand for?
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Patient-controlled analgesia pump
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How do analgesics provid pain relief?
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By altering the body's sodium and potassium levels, thus slowing or halting pain transmission.
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what are 3 classes of analgesics commonly used?
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1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)- given to clients with mild to moderate pain.. ex. aspirin, ibuprofen
2. Opioids/narcotic analgesics- used to manage moderate to severe pain..ex morphine 3. Adjuvants drugs- assist in muscle relaxation thus improving pain... ex. anticonvulsants and antidepressants. |
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FYI.....>><><
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Adjuvant medications or therapy is one that is usually used for other purposes but may also help with pain.These mediacations can help improve the client's mood, thus assisting in muscle relaxation. When muscles are relaxed, pain improves and endorphin production often increases.
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FYI.....<><.
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Ointments and linimens that contain local anesthetics may provide pain relief.
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Nursing alert...
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Dependence on pain medications usually does not occur when the client needs relief from acute pain. However, these medications, especially opioids, should not be used on a long-term basis.
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What are some nursing interventions that can be done to help with pain?
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Providing diversion, changing the client's position, bathing the client, giving a back rub, or massaging the client's hands.
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List some comfort measures that can help with pain.
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A clea nbed, clean face and hands, restful music, a warm room, or a semi-lighted room.
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What is TENS?
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.. a noninvasive technique that allows the client to wear an electronic device and trigger an electrical stimulation when he or she feels pain.
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FYI....
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heat or cold may help to contol localized pain by causing vasodilaton or vasoconstriction.
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What are body cues?
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Feelings one experiences by listening to body rhythms; places the empasis on self-care and self-monitoring.
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What is a process through which the client receives a suggestion to concentrate on an image to control the pain or discomfort?
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Guided imagery.
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What can help indiviuals in pain by giving them an opportunity to express their feelings and talk about pain with others who can relate?
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Support groups and group therapy sessions... Because caring is sharing... NOT
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