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82 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The trigger zone of a neuron includes
the axon hillock
at the distal end of a nerve fiber, action potentials have the same voltage as they had at the beginning. That is to say, they are
nondecremental
when a neuron is depolarized to threshold,
voltage-regulated Na gates open
the falling phase of an action potential results from
the diffusion of K
nerve signals
travel fastest in large myelinated fibers.
one role of an astrocytes is to
help form the blood brain barrier.
which of the following is and effector?
a: and afferent neuron
b: and efferent neuron
c: a gland or muscle
a gland or muscle
the intergrative function of the nervous system is associates especially with
interneurons
the ____ nervous system carries brain and spinal cord signal s to other organs
peripheral
a neuron fires only when its membrane reachs
the threshold potential
during the rising phase of an action potential
Na is entering the neuron
the cytoplasm, nucleus, and outer wrapping of plasma membrane of the Schwann cells constitute the
neurilemma
All of the following events occur when a nerve signal reaches a synaptic knob. The one that occurs first is
calcium ions enter the synaptic knob
a bipolar neuron has
one axon and one dendrite arising from the soma.
the regeneration tube of a peripheral nerve fiber consists of
the neuralemma and endoeurium
mature neurons lack centerioles. you would expect the neurons to be unable to
undergo mitosis
the oligodendrocyte is found in the _______ and function to
CNS; form the myelin sheath
Glial cells which resemble a cuboidal epithelium without the basement membrane and produce cerebrospinal fluid are called
ependymal cells
most adults brain tumors are composed of _____ cells and cannot be treated by chemotherapy because of the
glial cells; blood brain barrier
Neurons that send impulses to skeletal muscles have a ______ diameter and are
large; myelinated
which one of the below is the correct sequences of voltage-regulated gates opening and closing in an action potential?
a: Na gates opening; K gates opening; Na gates closing
b: Na gates opening ; Na gates closing; K gates opening
c: K gates opening ; K gates closing; Na gates opening
A
the ventral rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except
the thoracic region
the spinal cord ends at about which vertebra?
L1
nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs arise from an area of the spinal cord called the
lumbar enlargement
a bundle of nerve roots that occupy the canal of vertebrae L2 to S5 are called the
cauda equina.
Spinal cord injuries commonly result from fractures of vertebrae C5 to C6, but never from fractures of L3 to L5. this is b/c vertebre C5 to C6
contain segments of the spinal cord, while vertebrae L3 to L5 do not.
the innermost meninx around the spinal cord is called the ______ and extends beyond the medullary cone as the
pia matter; denticulate ligament
the ventral root carries________ neurons, while the dorsal root carries _______neurons.
motor; sensory
Anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drug are introduced into this spinal cord.
epidural
Individuals with Parkinson Disease, do not produce sufficient amounts of the neurotransmitter called dopamine by the substantia nigra of the brain. However, injections of dopamine into the blood do not ease the symptoms, Increasing dopamine in the blood does not help because dopamine.
cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
2 cranial nerves involved in taste are
facial and glossopharyngeal
the white matter of the cerebellum constitutes its
arbor vitae
Almost all sensory signals pass through the ____ on the way to the cerebrum.
thalamus
__________ connect one gyrus to another within the same cerebral hemisphere
association tract
The _______ contains nuclei that control coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
medulla oblongata
The brain center most concerned with emotion is
limbic system
which of the following nerve endings are not found in the skin
proprioceptors
The loudness of a sound is correlates with the ________ of the sound wave.
amplitudes
Other than the optic disc, the only point where the retina is attaches to the rest of the eyeball is an anterior ring called
the ora serrata
when the stapes pushes in and creates pressure on the endolymph, the ____ bulges out to relieve the pressure.
secondary tympanic membrane in the round window.
the sensory cells of hearing are stimulates by the _______ resting on their stereocilia.
tectorial membrane
we sense rotary movements of the head when the endolymph pushes on a gelatinous cap called the _____ in a semicircular duct.
cupula.
which of the following is part of the fibrous tunic of the eye?
a: the rod
b: the choroid
c: the sclera
d: the retina
sclera
The blind spot in each visual field is a region in which
the optic nerve leaves the eye
the footplate of the stapes covers an opening called
the oval window
suppose you were sitting in a rotating chair in a hair salon with your eyes closed, and the chair was rotated. you could send this by means of your
semicircular duct
the function of the suspensory ligaments is to
hold the lens of the eye in place.
taste buds are found on all the lingual papillae except for the ____ type.
filiform
The_______ is attached to the medial side of the tympanic membrane
malleus
the corpus callosum is composed of
commissural fibers
cerbrospinal fluid serves all of the following functions except
a: to help cool the brain
b: to cushion the brain from blows
c: to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous tissue
to help cool the brain
The primary somesthetic cortex monitors all the following sense except:
a: tickle
b: smell
c: touch
smell
the cerebrum and the cerebellum contain thick folds or ridges called _____ whose purpose is to
gyri; increasing surface area
the second largest region of the brain is the ______, whose function is to
cerebellum; coordinate skeletal muscles.
the neurons and all glial cells except microglia are derived from embryonic tissue called ________ that thicken to form a structure called the ______ in the 3rd week of embryonic development
ectoderm; neural plate
the lumen of the neural tube develop into the
central canal and ventricles
The outer double meningeal layer around the brain is called the _____, and in some places the two layers are separated by
dura mater; dural sinuses
an individual is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the CSF. This individual most likely has
meningitis
A network of capillaries in the brain that produces cerebrospinal fluid is called the ____ and is surrounded by glial cells called _____.
choroid plexus; ependymal cells
the blood brain barrier is most permeable to which one of the following chemical groupings?
a: glucose, water, oxygen, alchole, and caffeine.
b: sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, and creatinine.
c: dopamine, adrenalin, erythromyosin
glucose, water, oxygen, alcohole, and caffeine.
In this disorder, oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS deteriorates and are replaced by hardened scar tissue
multiple sclerosis
damaged neurons in the PNS can regenerate if their______ is intact and they can form a
soma; regeneration tube
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the dorsal root ganglia?
a: smell
b: touch
c: hearing
touch
the cerebellum develops from the embryonic
metencephalon
which of the following is most concerned with motor coordination and equilibrium
a: the cerebellum
b: the postcentral gyrus
c: the pons
the cerebellum
which lobe of the cerebrum is most concerned with vision
the occipital lobe
Cerebrospinal fluid returns to the bloodstream by way of
the arachnoid villi and dural sinuses
the right and left cerebral hemisphere are joined mainly by the
corpus callosum
damage to the temporal lobe would most likely cause the individual to be unable to
recognize and name familiar objects
All of the following are under dual control of the ANS except?
a: iris
b: heart
c: salivary glands
d: adrenal medulla
e: digestive system
adrenal medulla
this group of nerves does not come from the brain or the spinal cord.
a: somatic
b: enteric
c: limbic
d: sympathetic
e: parasympathetic
enteric
most parasymapthetic fibers reach their target organs by way of
the vagus nerve
the ________ system is characterized by long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
craniosacral
which one of the below is not controlled by the ANS?
a: sweat glands
b: skeletal muscle
c: cardiac muscle
d: smooth muscle
e: salivary glands
skeletal muscle
in response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ______ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will the heart to ______ it beats per minute.
baroreceptors; decreased
the system that stimulates normal conditions in the body such as lowered heart rate, and increased gastrointestinal activities such as digestion, secretion and defecation is the
parasympathetic division
in the ANS, the preganglionic neurons releases _____, while the postganglionic neuron releases ______.
ACh or ACh or NE
the somas of somatic motor neurons are found in the _____ of the spinal cord, while the somas of preganglionic nerurons of the sympathetic division are found in the _______ of the spinal cord.
venteral horms; lateral horns
All receptors for ______ are confined to the head and are innervated by cranial nerves
the special senses
the receptors for taste are located on
microvilli on epithelial cells
these cells are the only neurons in the body exposed to the external environment, and unlike most neurons, they are are replaceable.
olfactory cells
the aqueous humor is secreted by the _____ and reabsorbed into the ______.
ciliary body, sclera venous sinus