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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The trigger zone of a neuron includes
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the axon hillock
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at the distal end of a nerve fiber, action potentials have the same voltage as they had at the beginning. That is to say, they are
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nondecremental
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when a neuron is depolarized to threshold,
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voltage-regulated Na gates open
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the falling phase of an action potential results from
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the diffusion of K
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nerve signals
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travel fastest in large myelinated fibers.
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one role of an astrocytes is to
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help form the blood brain barrier.
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which of the following is and effector?
a: and afferent neuron b: and efferent neuron c: a gland or muscle |
a gland or muscle
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the intergrative function of the nervous system is associates especially with
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interneurons
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the ____ nervous system carries brain and spinal cord signal s to other organs
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peripheral
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a neuron fires only when its membrane reachs
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the threshold potential
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during the rising phase of an action potential
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Na is entering the neuron
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the cytoplasm, nucleus, and outer wrapping of plasma membrane of the Schwann cells constitute the
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neurilemma
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All of the following events occur when a nerve signal reaches a synaptic knob. The one that occurs first is
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calcium ions enter the synaptic knob
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a bipolar neuron has
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one axon and one dendrite arising from the soma.
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the regeneration tube of a peripheral nerve fiber consists of
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the neuralemma and endoeurium
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mature neurons lack centerioles. you would expect the neurons to be unable to
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undergo mitosis
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the oligodendrocyte is found in the _______ and function to
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CNS; form the myelin sheath
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Glial cells which resemble a cuboidal epithelium without the basement membrane and produce cerebrospinal fluid are called
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ependymal cells
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most adults brain tumors are composed of _____ cells and cannot be treated by chemotherapy because of the
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glial cells; blood brain barrier
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Neurons that send impulses to skeletal muscles have a ______ diameter and are
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large; myelinated
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which one of the below is the correct sequences of voltage-regulated gates opening and closing in an action potential?
a: Na gates opening; K gates opening; Na gates closing b: Na gates opening ; Na gates closing; K gates opening c: K gates opening ; K gates closing; Na gates opening |
A
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the ventral rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except
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the thoracic region
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the spinal cord ends at about which vertebra?
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L1
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nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs arise from an area of the spinal cord called the
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lumbar enlargement
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a bundle of nerve roots that occupy the canal of vertebrae L2 to S5 are called the
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cauda equina.
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Spinal cord injuries commonly result from fractures of vertebrae C5 to C6, but never from fractures of L3 to L5. this is b/c vertebre C5 to C6
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contain segments of the spinal cord, while vertebrae L3 to L5 do not.
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the innermost meninx around the spinal cord is called the ______ and extends beyond the medullary cone as the
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pia matter; denticulate ligament
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the ventral root carries________ neurons, while the dorsal root carries _______neurons.
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motor; sensory
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Anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drug are introduced into this spinal cord.
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epidural
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Individuals with Parkinson Disease, do not produce sufficient amounts of the neurotransmitter called dopamine by the substantia nigra of the brain. However, injections of dopamine into the blood do not ease the symptoms, Increasing dopamine in the blood does not help because dopamine.
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cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
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2 cranial nerves involved in taste are
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facial and glossopharyngeal
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the white matter of the cerebellum constitutes its
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arbor vitae
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Almost all sensory signals pass through the ____ on the way to the cerebrum.
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thalamus
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__________ connect one gyrus to another within the same cerebral hemisphere
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association tract
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The _______ contains nuclei that control coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
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medulla oblongata
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The brain center most concerned with emotion is
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limbic system
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which of the following nerve endings are not found in the skin
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proprioceptors
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The loudness of a sound is correlates with the ________ of the sound wave.
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amplitudes
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Other than the optic disc, the only point where the retina is attaches to the rest of the eyeball is an anterior ring called
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the ora serrata
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when the stapes pushes in and creates pressure on the endolymph, the ____ bulges out to relieve the pressure.
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secondary tympanic membrane in the round window.
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the sensory cells of hearing are stimulates by the _______ resting on their stereocilia.
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tectorial membrane
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we sense rotary movements of the head when the endolymph pushes on a gelatinous cap called the _____ in a semicircular duct.
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cupula.
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which of the following is part of the fibrous tunic of the eye?
a: the rod b: the choroid c: the sclera d: the retina |
sclera
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The blind spot in each visual field is a region in which
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the optic nerve leaves the eye
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the footplate of the stapes covers an opening called
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the oval window
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suppose you were sitting in a rotating chair in a hair salon with your eyes closed, and the chair was rotated. you could send this by means of your
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semicircular duct
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the function of the suspensory ligaments is to
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hold the lens of the eye in place.
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taste buds are found on all the lingual papillae except for the ____ type.
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filiform
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The_______ is attached to the medial side of the tympanic membrane
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malleus
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the corpus callosum is composed of
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commissural fibers
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cerbrospinal fluid serves all of the following functions except
a: to help cool the brain b: to cushion the brain from blows c: to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous tissue |
to help cool the brain
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The primary somesthetic cortex monitors all the following sense except:
a: tickle b: smell c: touch |
smell
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the cerebrum and the cerebellum contain thick folds or ridges called _____ whose purpose is to
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gyri; increasing surface area
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the second largest region of the brain is the ______, whose function is to
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cerebellum; coordinate skeletal muscles.
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the neurons and all glial cells except microglia are derived from embryonic tissue called ________ that thicken to form a structure called the ______ in the 3rd week of embryonic development
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ectoderm; neural plate
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the lumen of the neural tube develop into the
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central canal and ventricles
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The outer double meningeal layer around the brain is called the _____, and in some places the two layers are separated by
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dura mater; dural sinuses
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an individual is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the CSF. This individual most likely has
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meningitis
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A network of capillaries in the brain that produces cerebrospinal fluid is called the ____ and is surrounded by glial cells called _____.
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choroid plexus; ependymal cells
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the blood brain barrier is most permeable to which one of the following chemical groupings?
a: glucose, water, oxygen, alchole, and caffeine. b: sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, and creatinine. c: dopamine, adrenalin, erythromyosin |
glucose, water, oxygen, alcohole, and caffeine.
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In this disorder, oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS deteriorates and are replaced by hardened scar tissue
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multiple sclerosis
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damaged neurons in the PNS can regenerate if their______ is intact and they can form a
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soma; regeneration tube
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Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the dorsal root ganglia?
a: smell b: touch c: hearing |
touch
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the cerebellum develops from the embryonic
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metencephalon
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which of the following is most concerned with motor coordination and equilibrium
a: the cerebellum b: the postcentral gyrus c: the pons |
the cerebellum
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which lobe of the cerebrum is most concerned with vision
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the occipital lobe
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Cerebrospinal fluid returns to the bloodstream by way of
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the arachnoid villi and dural sinuses
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the right and left cerebral hemisphere are joined mainly by the
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corpus callosum
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damage to the temporal lobe would most likely cause the individual to be unable to
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recognize and name familiar objects
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All of the following are under dual control of the ANS except?
a: iris b: heart c: salivary glands d: adrenal medulla e: digestive system |
adrenal medulla
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this group of nerves does not come from the brain or the spinal cord.
a: somatic b: enteric c: limbic d: sympathetic e: parasympathetic |
enteric
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most parasymapthetic fibers reach their target organs by way of
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the vagus nerve
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the ________ system is characterized by long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
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craniosacral
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which one of the below is not controlled by the ANS?
a: sweat glands b: skeletal muscle c: cardiac muscle d: smooth muscle e: salivary glands |
skeletal muscle
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in response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ______ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head will the heart to ______ it beats per minute.
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baroreceptors; decreased
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the system that stimulates normal conditions in the body such as lowered heart rate, and increased gastrointestinal activities such as digestion, secretion and defecation is the
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parasympathetic division
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in the ANS, the preganglionic neurons releases _____, while the postganglionic neuron releases ______.
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ACh or ACh or NE
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the somas of somatic motor neurons are found in the _____ of the spinal cord, while the somas of preganglionic nerurons of the sympathetic division are found in the _______ of the spinal cord.
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venteral horms; lateral horns
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All receptors for ______ are confined to the head and are innervated by cranial nerves
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the special senses
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the receptors for taste are located on
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microvilli on epithelial cells
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these cells are the only neurons in the body exposed to the external environment, and unlike most neurons, they are are replaceable.
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olfactory cells
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the aqueous humor is secreted by the _____ and reabsorbed into the ______.
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ciliary body, sclera venous sinus
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