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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Salmonella General Characteristics
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Gm - rod
Non-spore forming Motile Different serotype |
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Salmonella ALET
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Facultative anaerobe
Facultative intracellular Gastrointestinal tract Ingestion, Inhalation, Contact |
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Salmonella species
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Salmonella bongori
Salmonella enterica |
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Salmonella enterica subspecies
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enterica
salamae arizonae diarizonae houtenae indica |
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In addition to species and subspecies there are how many serovares of salmonella?
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2400
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Kaufmann-white classification scheme of Salmonella
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Somatic antigen - O - cell wall
Flagellar antigens - H antigens Capsule antigens - K antigens (one type Vi) |
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Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium
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salmonella typhimurium = typhoid fever
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Salmonella generalists are
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Broad host range, most serotypes
generally diarrhea can progress to bacteremia/septicemia (children/elderly) |
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Salmonella specialists are
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often no diarrhea
usually systemic disease- malaise/fever/less diarrhea |
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Salmonella host adapted serotypes
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Typhi - humans/drimates
Dublin - cattle Cholerasuis - pigs Gallinarum - poultry Abortus ovis - sheep abortus equi - horse systemic disease/ no diarrhea |
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Salmonella surface virulence factors
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Capsule
LPS Adhesins - fimbriae/pili - Pef, Agf, Lpf, ShdA Flagella Siderophores |
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Salmonella siderophores
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binds Fe
accine against Newport siderophore receptor and porin |
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Salmonella secreted virulence factors
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Pathogenicity islands - confer virulence, chromosomal DNA w/ different G/C content
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Salmonella pathogenicity islands
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Type III secretion systems
Salmonella pathogenicity island SPI1 and SPI2 |
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Salmonella SPI 1 and SPI2 function
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SPI invasion - changes host membrane structure
SPI2 survival in macrophage |
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SPI API2 and Type III secretion systems function how
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inserts into host cell membrane and injects substances into host cell.
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Salmonella invasion process
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invade/cross epithelium, invade lamina propria, inflammation, neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize, spread to lympahtic/circulatory system, infect liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, joints, heart, brain
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Salmonella diarrhea mechanism
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damage via inflammation, exudation ( neutrophils, and protein-rich fluid)
Mucosal destruction - malabsorption - decreased Na absorption, damage villi (blunting) |
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Clinical signs of Salmonella (generalists)
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Diarrhea
dehydration pyrexia, depression, anorexic, tenesmus |
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Clinical signs of Salmonella ( Specialists)
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Pyrexia
Anorexia Depression NO DIARRHEA widespread dissemination |
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Salmonella in Adult Dairy Cattle
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Dublin/Newport
mostly parturient dairy cattle systemic disease with diarrhea/abortion |
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Salmonella Adult Dairy Cattle abortion characteristics
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bacteremia/infection of placenta/fetus
Bacteremia/endotoxemia leading to PGF2a |
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PGF2a characteristics
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lysis of corpus luteum - abortion in 2 - 3 days.
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Salmonella Avian Infection characteristics
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Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella Pullarum
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Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullarum characteristics
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largely eliminated by vax and eradication programs, septicemia in turkeys and chickens, generalist serovars
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Avian Salmonella infection transmission direction
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vertical with Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Heidelberg
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Salmonell spp diagnosis, treatment and prevention
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culture (days to separate path from feces)
Supportive care/antibiotics Vaccination (CM immunity critical), Sanitation. |
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Salmonella induced enterocolitis
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2nd leading cause of Human food-borne bacterial illness. 1st leading cause of death to food borne illness
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Animals at high risk of Salmonella
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Equine surgery patients
Parturient Dairy cattle Concurrent with other pathogen:Immunodeficiency Diabeteis, Cancer, Corticosteroids |
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Salmonella summary
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Fecal-oral
in environment for years Intestinal - generalist Systemic - Host adapted Animals can be carriers |
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Yersinia spp General Characteristics
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Gram-negative rod
Non-spore forming Motile except Y. pestis |
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Yersinia spp General ALET
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Facultative Anaerobe
Facultative Intracellular Disseminated Infection, GI Y. pestis - flea bite,inhalation, ingestion. other Y - ingestion, inhalation, contact |
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Yersinia pestis disease
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plague
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Yersinia enterocolitica diseases
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Gastroenteritis, septicemia, mesenteric lymphadenitis, domestic animals AND PRIMATES
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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis diseases
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Gastroenteritis, septicemia, mesenteric lymphadenitis, rodents, birds
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Yersinia ruckeri
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enteric redmouth disease of salmon
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Black Death
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Plague
Yersinia pestis went from rodent transmission to human to human |
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Black Death transmission vector
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Xenopsylla cheopis - oriental rat flea - bacteria block proventriculus, flea hungry, bites more, transmission increases
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Yersinia surface virulence factors
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YadA - induced at 37C, - covers bacteria and mediates binding to host tissue, inhibits complement
pH6 antigen - adhesion Ail - attachment/invasion Invasin - invasion of epithelium (absent in Y. pestis |
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Yersinia secreted virulence factors
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YST - similar to heat stable toxin in E. coli
Yops - actin cytoskeleton - block phagocytosis and macrophage apoptosis (like Salmonella) |
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Yersinia pestis surface virulence factor
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Siderophore
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Yersinia pestis secreted virulence factor
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Ymt-plasmid encoded phospholipase D
Hms - Hemin storage phenotype - causes blockage of flea proventriculus with biofilm (ECM) |
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Yersinia pestis Type III secretion system
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Not produced at flea body temperature 25C, but at 37C
Yops, actin cytoskeleton- block phagocytosis/macro apoptosis PLA - discemination of pathogen through host body |
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Lymphadenitis caused by Y. pestis can cause
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lymph nodes to rupture,
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Y. pestis diseases
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Bubonic plague
Pneumonic plague Septicemic plague |
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Y pestis pubonic plague characteristics
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transmitted by scratch of flea bite or ingestion of rodents
local lymphadentis most common, least fatal |
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Y. pestis Pneumonic plague
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primary or secondary
inhlation of droplets secreted from animals with pneumonic form |
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Y. pestis Septicemic plague
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disseminates through animal
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Y. pestis bubonic form in cats
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High temperature, dehydration, lymphadenomegaly, hyperesthesia - hypersensitivity to touch, more painful than should be
aquired eating infected rodents |
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Y. pestis septicemic form
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with or without buboes +/-
Spreads hematogenously (PLA), spleen in people, lungs in cats, Septic shock, usually fatal in 1 to 2 days. |
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Y. pestis pneumonic form in cats
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Worse prognosis
primary or secondary to dissemination (sequel to bubonic or septicemic form) Can give to people. |
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Y. pestis diagnostics
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thoracic radiographs
Gram stain of tissue Serology DNA techniques Culture (BSL 3) |
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Y. pestis treatment and prevention
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Rapid antimicrobial therapy
gentamicin, fluoroquinolones, doxycyclin, tetracyclin, etc 10 - 21 days control by controlling roaming and rodent predation |
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Yersinis reservoir hosts
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Rats, Mice, Voles, Prairie dogs, Ground squirrels
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