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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many new orders are formed between 1300-1600?
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36 new regular orders formed. But 22 disappear.
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Although there are 36 new regular orders founded, what else happens to the older orders?
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The older orders are reformed.
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What is the movement of 'observance'? What does it provoke?
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An Order which critises the divergences of the secular clergy 15th and 16th c. The forming of the 'regular orders', those who live by the rules.
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What do the regular orders do 15th c.?
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They adopt the 'order of observance', strict following of the rules. Criticize the secular community. They return to:
i) Community life ii) life of the poor iii) liturgy iv) less studying, more time to pray! v) prayers most important thing. |
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What about music, and the religious community at this period?
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Each of the orders (or founder of each order) has to find its own rules on music. They could range from no music to lots of musical activities. It depended on the austerity or complete richness of the order.
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Council of Trent and the Jesuits?
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C.o.T. discusses reforms of 'Ordre Regulaire' in its last session between 1562-63. To be precise Oct-Dec. '63!
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What is the outcome of the C.o.T. in 1563 - for all orders.
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They basically come back to the movement of 'Observance' (strict stuff!).
The C.o.T. don't do anything, but they discuss, a) sing office themselves. b) that there will be no polyphonic music! BUT this is relaxed by the C.o.T. each order is allowed to decide themselves on what music to use. Ex. Benedictines re-use Gregorian, but drop polyphonic mass. |
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What suffers most in these reforms (Ordre Regulaire)?
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Plain-song. Ex: Carmelites say it should be very minimal.
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Who founds the Jesuits, and what are the first rules (Constitutions)?
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i) Ignatius de Loyola (1540)
ii) Formula Instituti Societatis Iesu (1539) iii) Constitutiones (1556) - regle d'ordre |
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What does the decree say in terms of music in 1539?
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i) Not obliged to sing in the office of the 'choeur'.
ii) No songs, organ at mass and other ceremonies |
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Why were the Jesuits excused from singing?
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To be free to serve the Pope.
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Who tries to change Ingiace de Loyola's ideas on music?
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Pope Paul IV is a little bit surprised by de Loyolas idea.
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Are the final 'Constitutiones' for all Jesuit orders?
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Yes, but local smaller orders with local traditions can adapt. With the permission of the General of the Jesuits. Many questions asked at this period.
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How many regions are there on Belgium?
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Two - North 'flandro-belge" and South "gallo-belge".
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Do the Belgian provinces follow along happily? And what do the Jesuits do (1558) to fight against Protestant ideas?
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No.
They move in and spread ideas using, 1558, Cantique Spirituel (as example) to convert/bring those back to the faith. |
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What were the two phases to introduce the Jesuits and music in the Belgian provinces?
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i) 1570-1630 Introduce music progressively.
ii) 1630-1773 Music is part of the life of Religious orders, so they keep it. We find many documents in the archives. |
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What year do they arrive in Leuven (Jesuits)? What do the do musically?
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1542 arrive in Leuven. They diminish music in places where there's too much, and vice versa.
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What does the General say about the Belgian regions (1586)?
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Should diminish music in places where there's too much, and vice-versa. But the General Jesuit gradually excepts musical practices towards 1630.
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Who was in charge of Music in the Jesuit institutions from 1630 onwards?
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Praefectus Musicae
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What happens by 1630?
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They gradually let music take its place in the community. They stop worrying so much about it also, spending more time on instruments etc. Appearance of the 'prefet de musique' in most colleges.
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What were the functions of the 'praefectus musicae'?
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i) look after musical material
ii) teach singing in the college, play the organ etc. iii) look after hiring 'local musicians', and organizing their participation in the church services etc. iv) help co-ordinate function that were organized by the monks - dances, musical celebrations, etc. |
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What else starts happening in 1630, musically?
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i) Jesuits start collecting instruments.
ii) Start teaching music (outside of the church) iii) Play the organ in church. iv) Start hiring outsiders to play in the services. |
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What type of work in religious occasions?
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Teaching dance, religious celebrations, attaching themselves to particular colleges.
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Who's the Maitre de Musique in the Royal Chapel.
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Henri-Jacques de Croes. Most musicians working in the Royal Chapel were from the Brussels Jesuit College. Noted in the 'livre de raisons de la tribunne au college bruxellois de la compagnie de jesus" 1738-59.
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Who writes the music for the chapels etc,
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More and more local composers - i.e. Brussels musicians. ex: Henri Jacques de Croes, or Jean Michel Cabeau, also at Soignies.
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What develops around Jesuit institutions?
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Musical institutions. They wanted to develop music in the church.
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Examples en Belgique?
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Lierre - College Snt Gommaire and jesuit church
Halle - Snt Martin, Jesuits college and maison de maitre de chant d'eglise. |
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What was the form of the 'Cantique Spirituel' catechism? And when was it authorized?
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i) 1558
ii) Examen Parvulorum - chant Examen Provectiorum - chant Explicatio Novae Lectionis - chant |
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How many Belgian Jesuits went on to be missionaries?
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200 or more between 1570-1770.
- Jean Vaisseau (1583-1615) is an example. Was a musician in the Royal Chapel. This assured his chance of being sent away. - Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726) |
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What has Orpheus got to do with all of this?
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They realise the power of music to convert and give much more importance to music. Superheroes!
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