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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Compare and contrast the nerve fibers of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
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Sympathetic has a short myelinated preganglionic fiber and a long unmyelinated post ganglionic fiber.
Parasympathetic: has a long myelinated pre-ganglionic nerve fiber and a very very short, unmyelinated post-ganglionic nerve fiber. |
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Compare the SNS and PNS ganglia. (explain which are Nicotinic and muscarin or adrenergic).
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Parasympathetic-->N-->M
Sympathetic-->N-->adrenergic Sweating: sympathetic-->N-->M |
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All preganglionic neurons of the ANS release what neurotransmitter?
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All ANS preganglionic neurons release Ach to a Nicotinic receptor.
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What are some common NTs in the ENS (9 most common)?
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Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Substance P Cholecystokinin VIP GRP CGRP |
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Briefly describe the actions at the synaptic celft of a cholinergic nerve terminal.(start with the production of Ach).
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Acetyl+choline=acetylcholine
AP-->influx of Ca-->fusion of Ach vessicles--> Ach is released into the cleft and acts on receptors and is degraded by AchE. AchE produces acetate ion and choline, the choline is reuptaken. |
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Nicotinic receptors are _______ channels while Muscarinic receptors are ________.
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Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated while muscarinic receptors are Metabotropic(G-protein).
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Hemicholinium, Botulinum toxin and aminoglycosides all do what do Ach activity?
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These agents will reduce Ach release.
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Tubocurarine, gallamine, pancuronium, vecuronium, atracurium and rocuronium all are competitive ___________...
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These drugs are all competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs
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Regarding pupil size, how do the SNS and PNS different?
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SNS ---Contraction of radial muscles (a-1 receptors)
causing pupil dilation PNS--contraction of circular muscles (M3) causing pupil constriction |
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Describe the PNS on the following:
-Sphinctor of iris -ciliary muscle -lacrimal glands |
Sphinctor of iris- contraction(3) M3
Ciliary muscle-contraction (3) M3 Lacrimal glands-secretion(3) M3 |
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Describe the SNS on the following:
-Radial muscle of iris -Ciliary msucle |
-Radial muscle-contraction a1
-ciliary muscle- relaxation B2 |
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PNS of the following:
Lung -Bronchial muscle -Secretions |
-Contraction of bronchial muscle via M3
-Increase secretion via M3 |
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SNS of the following:
Lung -Bronchial muscle -Secretions |
-weak relaxation of bronchial muscle via B2
-Decrease secretions via a-1 OR -increase secretions via B2 |
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Explain the changes in the following heart effectors in response to cholinergic impulses:
-S-A node rhythm -Atrium Conduction and contraction -AV node conduction -Ventricle condution What is the receptor responsible for all of these? |
-S-A rhythm decreases (3)
-Atrium conduction mildly increases? but contraction decreases(2) -AV node conduction sharply decreases(3) -Ventricle is not affected All affected by M2 receptors |
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Describe the adrenergic effects of the following:
-SA node rhythm -Atrium conduction -AV node rhythm -Ventricle What receptor is responsible? |
Adrenergic impulses will increase all of these via B1>>B2 receptors
The only thing that is decreased is refractoriness , which makes sense. |
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Describe adrenergic effects on the arterioles of the following and the receptor:
-non-important organs -heart/lung arterioles -skeletal muscle arterioles -Liver arterioles |
-Other organs vasoconstriction via a-1 receptors
heart, lung vasodilation (indirect receptor?) sk, liver vasodilation via B2 |
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OVERALL, which adrenergic receptor is associated with contraction or constriction?
Dilation? |
alpha 1 (a-1)
Beta 2 (B-2) |
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What is the receptor for increase sweat gland secretion?
What about apocrine sweat glands? |
secretion via M3
Apocrine sweat glands increase secretion via alpha 1 receptors |
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Skin:
-Pilomotor muscles -Apocrine sweat glands How do adrenergics affect these and what receptors? |
Both alpha 1
Pilomotor muscles will contract and apocrine sweat glands will increase thick secretions. |
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What are the CHOLINERGIC effects and receptors of each GI part?
-Motility and tone -Lower esoph sphincter -Glands (salivary, gastric) |
-Motility and tone increases(3)
-LES contracts -glands secrete water secretion ALL via M3 |
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What are the CHOLINERGIC effects on the gallbladder and receptors?
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Contraction M3
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What are the ADRENERGIC effects on the gallbladder and receptors?
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relaxation B-2
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What are the ADRENERGIC (SNS) effects on the following GI parts:
-Motility and tone -Sphincters -Glands (salivary, gastric) |
- Motility and tone relaxes via a-1 a-2 and B-2
-Sphincters contract via a-1 -Glands thicken secretions via B |
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What are the CHOLINERGIC (PNS) effects on the pancrease?
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Increase exocrine secretion via M3
Increase insulin secretion via M |
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What are the ADRENERGIC (SNS) effects of the Liver?
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HUGE increase in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis both via B2>>B1
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What are the ADRENERGIC effects (SNS) on the pancrease?
-Exocrine -insulin -glucagon |
-Decrease exocrine via a
-HUGE decrease insulin a-2 mild increase insulin B2 -increase in glucagon via B |
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Cholinergic (PNS) to detrusor and trigone?
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-HUGE contract detrusor M3
-Trigone relaxation (ind.) |
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Adrenergic (SNS) to detrusor and trigone?
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-detrusor relaxation B2
-Trigone contraction a-1 |
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Adrenergic (SNS) to Kidney for renin secretion?
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Increase renin secretion via B1
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Explain PNS to corpora cavernosa. Is it cholinergic?
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It is NOT CHOLINERGIC!
corpora cavernosa via M3 receptor binds NO to cause an erection. |
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Adrenergic (SNS) effects on sex organs:
-Vas deferens, sem vesicles and prostate -Uterus |
-Vas Deferens, sem ves ejaculation via a1
-uterus relaxation via B-2 |
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"Qiss and qiq till your siq of sqs"
Explain the Qiss and qiq part |
Qiss explains sympathetic receptors:
q= Gq with a-1 i= Gi with a-2 s= Gs with B-1 s= Gs with B-2 qiq describes Parasymp q=Gq M1 i =Gi M2 q=Gq M3 |
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Which sympathetic receptor describes the following:
-decrease SNS outflow -decrease insulin |
alpha 2 receptors
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Which sympathetic receptor describes the following:
-increase HR -increase contractility -increase renin release -increase lipolysis |
B-1 receptors
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Which sympathetic receptor describes the following:
-increaes vascular smooth muscle contraction -increase pupil dilator contract -increase GI and bladder sphincter contraction |
alpha 1 (a-1) receptor
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Which sympathetic receptor describes the following:
-Vasodilation -Bronchodilation -Increase HR and contractility -Increase lipolysis -increase insulin |
Beta 2 (B-2) receptor
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Norepinephrine acts on what receptors?
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a-1,a-2 >B1
It does not have an affect on B-2 |
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Explain the vascular and blood pressure changes when administering Nore
Vessels: BP: HR: |
Vasocontriction in systemics
Systolic and diastolic BP increases same amount=no change in PP You will however decrease HR due to reflex bradycardia |
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Explain Epi effects on the following:
Systolic BP Diastolic BP HR |
Systolic BP: increases B1 on cardiac myocytes
diastolic BP decreases because of systemic vasodilation on B-2 HR: increase rate and force of contraction |
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What is the effect of an infusion of isoproterenol?
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Isoproterenol is a pure B agonist:
-super increase HR -Super drop in diastolic BP -super drop in TPR |
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Low doses of dopamine act on what receptors?
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Low doses: D1 receptors, vasodilation in kidney
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Intermediate doses of Dopamine act on what receptors/
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B-1 and release NORE: Increases stroke volume and HR
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High doses of Dopamine act on what receptors?
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a-1 & D2
Increased vascular resistance, nausea and vomiting |
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Phenylephrine:
receptor: effects: Adverse effects: Contraindications: Therapy |
receptor: alpha 1
effects: increase of BP; pupillary dilation and vasocontriction Adverse effects: hypertension, anginal pain b/c high afterload Contra: hypertension, heart disease, hyperthyroidism Therapeutic uses: Nose and eye opener; hypotension |
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Clonidine and apraclonidine are:
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alpha 2 agonists
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Clonidine:
receptor: effects: Therapy |
receptor: alpha 2 agonist
Effects: decreased firing of reticulospinal tract, decrease SNS and inhibit NORE release Therapy: Hypertension (second choice) **apraclonidine for open angle glaucoma Withdrawal from tobacco, alcohol |
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Dobutamine:
Receptor: Effects Half-life Therapy |
Receptor: B-1 agonist (can activate B-2 and alpha with super high doses)
Effects: Increase in contractility and heart conduction Half life: 2 min Therapy: Cardiac failure or cardiogenic shock |
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Albuterol and salmeterol:
Receptor: Effects: Half life: |
Receptor: B-2 agonist
Effects: Bronchodilation and enhanced mucociliary clearance; -also suppression of release of inflam mediators Half life: 1-14 hours Albuterol works 6 hours while salmeterol works over 12 |
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What are the adverse effects of Beta 2 receptor agonists?
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Tremor, restlessness, convulsions and anxiety
Can cause hypozemia and decrease ventilation. Hypokalemia( B2 receptors leads to stimulation of K uptake into cells) |
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What are the contraindications of B2 receptor agonists?
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Pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, arrhythmias or seizure disorder
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Therapy of B2 receptors?
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Asthma, COPD, Premature labor, hyperkalemia
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What is dangerous about Tyramine?
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If you are taking MAO I's, tyramine in cheese or other fermented food is taken up and converted to octopamine, which displaces NORE in adrenergic vesicles. This causes NORE to flood the cleft --->HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
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What does amphetamines do?
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causes release of catecholamines and increased production. Elevates mood and focus
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What does cocaine do?
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cocaine prevents the reuptake of catecholamines both in central and peripheral nervous system.
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Ephedrine?
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a weak agonist of a12 and B12. Enhances the release of NORE from neurons. Used as a nas decongestant and as an expectorant in cough syrups.
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