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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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density of water
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1g cm^-3
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chapman mechanism
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O2 +UV --> O + O
O2 + O --> O3 O3 + UV -->O + O2 O3 + O --> 2O2 |
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homopolymers
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made of same monomer
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copolymers
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made of 2+ monomers
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addition polymers
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monomers add together -- no atoms lost
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condensation polymers
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monomers come together
release smaller molecule (usually water) |
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PETE
(polyester) |
#1 (recycling)
condensation HO CH2 CH2 OH + HO OC-C6H4-CO OH *majority of water bottles releases H2O ESTER LINKAGE |
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HDPE
high density polyethylene |
#2 (recycling)
addition H2C=CH2 long chains tightly packed rigid / strong good for beverage bottles kingsoopers/safeway bags |
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PVC
(polyvinyl chloride) |
#3 (recycling)
addition H2C = C(H)Cl lightweight resistent to chemical change floor tiles / credit cards / fake leather monomer = carcinogenic Releases HCl when burned |
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SARAN
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addition
*copolymer* H2C=CH2 + H2C=CCl2 saran wrap *random copolymer* |
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teflon
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addition
F2C=CF2 strong unreactive *HEAT RESISTENT* -Non Flammable used for cooking pans |
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Polyacrylo-nitrile
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addition
H2C=C(H)CN carpets (fake wool) burned = release HCN |
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LDPE
low density polyethylene |
#4 (recycling)
addition H2C=CH2 short branching chains can't pack tight - MORE FLEXIBLE food wrap / produce bags / flex tubing CROSSLINKED = VERY STRONG (bottle caps) |
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Polypropylene
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#5 (recycling)
addition CH2=CHCH3 hard plastic hard shell luggage |
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polystyrene
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#6 (recycling)
addition H2C=C(H)benzene ring lightweight resistant to chemicals STYROFOAM |
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nylon 6
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condensation
HO OC-(CH2)5)-NH2 forms AMIDE BOND releases H2O |
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Nylon 66
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condensation
*copolymer* HO OC-(CH2)4-CO OH + H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 forms AMIDE BoND releases H2O |
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prob with plastic disposal
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last almost forever
burning releases toxic gas (dangerous) |
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% plastic recycled
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2%
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recycling widespread for plastics..
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#1 PETE
#2 HDPE |
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plasticizers
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added to make plastic flexible
PCBs (ex DDT) Banned 1977 -degrade slowly -accumulate in fatty tissue -amplify up food chain NOW USE PHTHALATE ESTERS -short lived -non toxic *banned in europe* |
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earth's water
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97.2% saltwater
2.8% freshwater |
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freshwater dissolved solids
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<.1% DS
(Mg)+2 (Ca)+2 (HCO3)- |
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seawater Dissolved solids
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3.5% DS
(Cl)- (Na)+ (Mg)+2 (Ca)+2 (SO4)-2 |
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drinking water DS
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<.05%
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water good solvent bc
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h-bonding (HO interaction)
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mixing ratio
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mass pollutant / mass water
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snowflake structure
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hexagonal shape
-- like microscopic ice structure |
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HC
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quantity of heat required to raise T 1*C of given mass
units: (cal)(g-1)(*C-1) |
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heat =
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(HC)(mass)(change in temP)
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higher heat capacity landvocean
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ocean
land made of dirt |
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heat of melting
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energy required to convert 1g solid to liquid
(but heat is given off when liquid freezes) |
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heat of evaporation
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energy required to convert 1g liquid to gas
(but heat given of when gas condenses) |
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usuable drinking water in US
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surface and ground water
(1/2 and 1/2) |
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desalination of seawater
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distillation
(heat water to boil - recondense w/o salts) reverse osmosis (pressure forces H2O in saltwater compartment to move thru membrane to pure water side) |
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water pollution types
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1. disease-causing agents
in sewage 2. oxygen consuming wastes (thermal pollution algal blooms sewage / factory wastes) 3. plant nutrients causing eutrophication (almost always from P) 4. suspended solids (from erosion) 5. dissolved solids (ie excess salinity from irrigation) 6. toxic substances (like metals) (PCBS) |
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water treatment
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primary - filter solid waste
secondary - add biota to degrade organic waste tertiary - remove nutrients (N and P) |
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water disinfection
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removing harmful microorganisms
chlorination UV irradiation ozone |
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troposphere
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bottom 10km
LOTS OF MIXING temp decrease with increasing altitude (-6.5K/km) |
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stratosphere
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next 10-50km
not much mixing T increase with altitude OZONE LAYER HERE |
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air contains
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78% N2
21% O2 0.9% Ar 0.04% CO2 (<2% H2O) |
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greenhouse gases
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absorb IR bc they have a dipole with vibration
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pressure and altitude
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pressure decreases exponentially with increases altitude
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global winds
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meridional
--SLOW --N and S --takes months / years to move air ZONAL (jet streams) -fast circulation -E and W -takes days - weeks |
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smog
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coined in london
SMoke + fOG |
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london industrial smog
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contains:
CO SO2 H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 worst when COLD And coal is burning |
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energy of light and wavelength
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inversely related
low wavelength = high energy |
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regions of UV light
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UV-C
-lowest wavelength -most dangeroud -filtered out by O2 UV-B -mid wavelength -most sensitive to O3 concentrations UV-A -highest wavelength |
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good ozone v bad ozone
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O3 in stratosphere - GOOD
-blocks UV light O3 in troposphere - BAD -pollutant -damages lungs |
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O3 forms in stratosphere
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when right combo of O2 molecules and UV light
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there would be no O3 without
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O2
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stratospheric O3 destroyed by
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catalytic reactions w radicals
--catalysts speed up reactions (not consumed) --radicals have unpaired valence electrons (Odd#) NO (mostly from N2O) Cl (mostly from CFCs |
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chemicals get to stratosphere
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only if unreactive in troposphere
OR are made / injected into stratosphere CFCs transported to stratosphere - NO not |
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transported to stratophsere
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CFCs
NOT NO |
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plastic burns gives off
HCl |
PVC
polyvinylchloride |
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plastic burns gives off
HCN |
polyacrylonitrile
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plastic burns gives off
benzene |
polystyrene
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why water is liquid at room temp
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has unusually high boiling point -- due to strong molecular forces attracting water molecules
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why ice floats on water
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ice is less dense bc it has an OPEN structure
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why water has exceptionally high boiling point
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strong intermolecular forces between water molecules
(H-bonds) |
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why water has high heat of vaporization
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bc takes lots of energy to break H bonds holding molecules together
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HC of water
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1 cal / g*C
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HC =
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heat / (g)(changeT)
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burns from steam worse than hot water
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burns from steam release the heat of vaporization from water
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reverse osmosis
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applying pressure to push water out of salty water thru a semipermeable membrane
used for water purification esp desalination |
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eutrophication
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= excessive growth of plant life
caused when too many nutrients stimulate plant growth (phosphorus) **soaps / detergents main cause before regulation eutrophication leads to low O2 content in lakes |
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thermal pollution
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caused by factories using water to cool
--thus the water temp rises --O2 less soluble in warrrrm water **ie thermal pollution leads to low oxygen content in water |
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primary water treatment
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screen grit settling chamber
remove organics & particulates |
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secondary water treatment
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biological process to remove O2 consuming wastes
(organics) |
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tertiary water treatment
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charcoal filters
reverse osmosis phosphate removal |
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most common way to disinfect water
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Cl2 gas
LOW pH (<7): Cl2 + H2O --> HCl + HOCl HOCl is species that is the disinfectent |
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Cl2 gas disinfect water at
LOW pH (<7) |
Cl2 + H2O --> HCl + HOCl
HOCl is species that is the disinfectent |
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Cl2 gas disinfect water at
HIGH pH (>7) |
HOCl + H2O --> H3O+ + OCl-
OCl- is the disinfectant LESS EFFECTIVE THAN THE DISINFECTANT HOCl |
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dis / advantage of Cl2 gas as disinfectant
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PRO
cheap effective CON: can lead to smelly / poor tasting water -can lead to organic halides in water which are possible carcinogens |
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tropopause
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pt where minimum in temp occurs
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formation of industrial smog
CARBON |
2C + O2 --> 2CO
(toxic gas) |
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formation of industrial smog
SULFUR |
S + O2 --> SO2
(toxic gas) SO2 + OH --> HSO3 HSO3 + O2 --> SO3 + HO2 SO3 + H2O --> H2SO4 (toxic liquid!) |
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weather conditions favor industrial smog
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cold
and temp inversion |
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O2 supply of earth's atmosphere repelenished
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photosynthesis
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pressure = 1 atm
mixing ratio CO2 = 360 ppm what is pressure of CO2 in atm? |
(360 x 10^-6)(1 atm) =
360 x 10^-6 atm |
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temp change with elevation
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6K / km
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km to feet
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1 km = 3281 ft
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mile to km
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1 mile = 1.6 km
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mass CO2 produced when 2670g octane burned
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2 C8H18 + 25 O2 --> 18 H2O + 16 CO2
(2670 g octane)(1 mole octane / 114 g octane)(16 mole CO2 / 2 mole octane)(44gCO2 / mole CO2) = 1.24 x 10^5 g CO2 |
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natural source of nitrogen oxides in stratosphere
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N2O from bacteria
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catalytic cycle for ozone destruction by NO
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NO + O3 --> NO2 + O2
NO2 + O --> NO + O2 NET: O3 + O --> 2 O2 |
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why do CFC's have larger effect on ozone layer than HCls
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HCl = polar (thus water soluble)
-washes out in rain in troposphere thus doesn't get into stratosphere CFCs long lived not water soluble - thus reach the stratosphere -eventually break down with UV light releasing Cl atoms for ozone destructino |
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compounds replacing CFCs
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HCFC
(one Cl or F is replaced with an H) allows HCFC's to react with OH in TROPOSPHERE (don't reach strat) ex: CF2ClH + OH --> H2O + CF2Cl |
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chemical structures for
CFC-11 anD CFC-115 |
use "rule of 90"
CFC11: 11 + 90 = 101 1 C 0 H 1 F ***remaining atoms are Cl (CFCl3) CFC 115: 90+ 115 = 205 2C 0H 5F & the rest Cl C2F5Cl CFC-11 is worse bC MORE CHLORINE per molecule |
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catalytic cycle for ozone destruction by Cl that operates at mid-lat & high altitudes
(where O atom concentration is high) |
Cl + O3 --> ClO + O2
ClO + O --> Cl + O2 NET: O3 + O --> 2 O2 |
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which molecules are expected to be involved in catalytic ozone destruction reactions
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all free radicals
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where /when ozone hole
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spring
-southern polar stratosphere |
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ingredients for ozone hole
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chlorine in atmosphere
low temp ( to form clouds) light for photochemistry |
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role of Polar Stratospheric clouds in ozone depletion
(PSCs) |
reactions in PSCs convert inert Cl into photochemically active chlorine
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kevlar
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body armor
made from para-phenylenediamine & terephthaloyl chloride |
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phthalate esters formed from
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phthalic acid
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H bonds compared to dipole interactions
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STRONGER
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h bonds compared to CH bonds
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h bonds are weaker
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properties of water related to h bonding
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high boiling pt
liquid at room temp high heat of melting |
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major source of drinking water process
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surface water puification
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reverse osmosis example of which process
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desalination
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process that leads to decreased DO?
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eutrophication
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secondary treatment what is added
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bacteria and O2
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which isn't removed after primary / secondary treatment
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phosphates
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Lapse rate with altitude in troposphere
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6.5 *C / km
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NH3 and N2O
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GHG's
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SO2 is harmful bc
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it forms H2SO4 in lungs
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ozone in strat forms from
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O2 and UV-C light
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CFC 11 in trop
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is WELL MIXED
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open a container of air in space and it
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explodes
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pressure __ with __ alt
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pressure drops exponentially with increasing altitude
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what defines the atmospheric layers
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TEMPERATURE
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K +
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C+ 273
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temp decreases in trop..
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6.5 K / km
or 6.5 *C / km |
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electromagnetic radiation from the sun
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-controls climate
-drives our weather system -regulates life cycles of all plants / animal species |
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frequency v wavelength
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high frequency = short wavelenght
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high frequency radiation
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cosmic rays
x rays UV rad |
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low frequency radiation
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radio waves
microwaves IR rad |
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visible light low ->high energy
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RED
ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE INDIGO VIOLET |
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E =
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E = hc/ v
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UV-C
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200 - 280 nm
absorbed O2 and O3 |
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UV-B
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280-320
damaging to DNA sensitive to O3 loss *WE'RE MOST CONCERNED WITH THIS |
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UV-A
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320-400
suntan region |
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visible
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400-700
detectable by eyes |
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Christian Schonbein
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1830
identified new compound he made using oxygen (OZEIN) |
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John Hartly
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found O3 absorbed light with WL < 300nm
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strutt
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discovered ozone must be higher than 6.5 km outof earth
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1930
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measured sky rad
ozone at 22 km |
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UV rad
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high energy
WL = 200-400nm |
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tropopose varies with
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height varies with season
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