S2 Bsf Exam 5: Exercise Physiology

Front 1

What are the 3 goals of exercise adaptations?

Back 1

1. increase gas & metabolite transport
2. increase oxidative & glycolytic capacity
3. maintain homeostasis

Front 2

The smaller you are the _______ your surface area to body mass ratio, so it requires _______ energy per gram to maintain normal body temperature

Back 2

larger

more

(OVERALL, takes more energy to sustain you the larger you are)*

Front 3

What factors affect BMR?

Back 3

Age
Gender
Weight
Hormonal status

Front 4

What is the BMR/RMR?

Back 4

Basal metabolic rate, it is the minimum rate of energy production to sustain vital functions in a waking state.

Front 5

_____has by far the most profound effect on energy expenditure.

Back 5

Physical activity

Front 6

______is the Energy requiring processes related to assimilating food (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)(max 1 hr postprandial)

Back 6

Obligatory thermogenesis


*(faculatitve therm is related to endocrine (Epi) & ANS activation & their metabolic stimulation (lipolysis, etc))

Front 7

Metabolic rate is proportional to what?

Back 7

heat production (calories) &
O2 consumption (VO2 max)

Front 8

What are the two ways you can measure metabolic rate?

Back 8

direct calorimetry & indirect calorimetry

Front 9

_______ measures rate of O2 utilization (VO2) which is proportional to energy production and metabolic rate

Back 9

Indirect Calorimetry

*in this case, we assume 5 calories of heat is liberate per liter of O2 consumed

(direct measures change in heat via water temp)

Front 10

Maximum aerobic energy utilization (max metabolic rate) is a measure for the maximum capacity for _______________

How can max met. rate be measured physiologically?

Back 10

oxidative ATP synthesis



using VO2 max

Front 11

How is VO2 max determined?

Back 11

Measure O2 consumption rate of individual as exercise intensity increases.
Point where O2 consumption plateaus (w/ increasing intensity) = VO2 max

Front 12

CO (workload) = _____ + ______

Back 12

CO = HR + SV

*thus workload is proportional to HR & SV
(& Ventilation (VE))

Front 13

During high exercise intensity _ reaches a plateau and _alone account for increase in CO

Thus, VO2 max is determined by (HR/SV)

Back 13

SV
HR

HR

Front 14

How is it possible to increase SV?

Back 14

endurance training, leads to hypertrophy of heart & increased SV

(allows a higher CO to be reached at a lower HR)

Front 15

(Systolic/Diastolic) pressure increases w/ increased workload & (Systolic/Diastolic) remains constant

Back 15

Systolic (increases)
Diastolic (constant)


*(resistance descreases w/ vasodilation)

Front 16

(T/F) Hemoglobin limits VO2 max in healthy individuals

Back 16

False

However, Hb can determine max [O2]

Front 17

What factors limit VO2 max?

Back 17

Utilization= Fiber type & mitochondria
O2 & Energy= energy substrate, ventilation, & CO
Substrate delivery= blood flow & Capillarization

Front 18

Phase I of Ventilation is _.

Phase II of Ventilation is _

Phase III of Ventilation is _

Back 18

I: an abrupt increase in VE at the onset of exercise

II: gradual increase in VE w/ increase in workload

III: steady state VE. Reached at about 4-5 min. into exercise bout
(at end of exercise abrupt VE decrease, then gradual return to normal)

Front 19

During light exercise VE/Q ratio is constant, but in intense exercise, VE/Q ratio (increases/decreases)

What does this lead to?

Back 19

increases (ventilation increases faster than perfusion)


leads to proportionally less O2 delivered

Front 20

T/F
VE limits VO2 max

Back 20

FALSE
does NOT limit, VE cont to increase after VO2 max

(O2 related to Q not VE)

Front 21

How is VE increased / decreased?

Back 21

motor neurons, proprioceptors, & chemoreceptors give afferent feedback to respiratory center-->
respiratory centers give efferent feedback to respiratory muscles-->
respiratory muscles control VE

Front 22

What is Fick's law?

Back 22

VO2 = Q * a-v O2 difference

Front 23

Arterial blood gas values in exercise do not change until the _ threshold is reached. At this point, the increase in ventilation is no longer proportional to workload. There is an _ in ventilation
Why?

Back 23

lactate (leads to drop in pH)

exponential increase

to "blow off" CO2 to increase pH

Front 24

Major efficiency changes that occur w/ age

Back 24

-increased symp activity w/ decreased response
-decreased CO (during exercise)
-decreased max HR (220-age)
-increased systolic & decreased diastolic pressure
-decreased IRV & ERV, increased RV
-decreased VO2 max

Front 25

Why does HR decrease w/ age?

Back 25

slow baroreceptor response & pacemaker problems (SA node)

Front 26

Lung surface area decreases about _% per decade
(due to loss of alveoli)

Back 26

4

Front 27

A decreased diffusion capacity with age is due to what?

Back 27

thickening of bronchial mucous layer and increases in distance between alveoli and blood

Front 28

Fiber _ is the major mechanism for increases in strength.

Back 28

Fiber hypertrophy

(Different than hyperplasia which does not occur often)

Front 29

Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass w/ age) is due to .....

Back 29

decreased muscle fibers (amount)
denervation (= fewer larger alpha motor units)
decreased protein synthesis (fiber size)
decreased enzyme activity
hormonal changes (Test, GH/IGF-1, DHEA)
(muscle mass decreases 1% yr after age 50)

Front 30

Sarcopenia is a loss in muscle fibers (number) & fiber atrophy

Type (I/II) fibers atrophy much more w/ age

Back 30

type II


(leads to more substantial strength & power loss compared to endurance loss)

Front 31

Decreased muscle density (sarcopenia) & increased intramuscular fat w/ age leads to altered muscle _________, _________, & ____________

Back 31

(function)
power (velocity of shortening),
strength (max load)
endurance (repetitive contractions)

Front 32

(Power/Strength) declines more rapidly w/ aging

Back 32

power
(begins to decline around 40)
(leads to decrease in anaerobic fxn)

Front 33

It's possible to increase ___ 30% with in 7-10 days of intense aerobic exercise.

Why is this important?

Back 33

mitochondrial activity (increases enzymes)


help increase protein synthesis in elderly even if there are fewer mitochondria

Front 34

Decreased # of mitochondria w/ age leads to decreased protein synthesis. What protein is NOT affected w/ this fate?

Back 34

sarcoplasmic protein

Front 35

_______ break down bone for release of Ca2+ and phosphate

Back 35

Osteoclasts

Front 36

In osteoporosis, _ are more active than _.

Estrogen has a suppressive effect on _

Back 36

osteoclasts ; osteoblasts

osteoclasts

Front 37

Estrogen turns up _ production, which will _.

Back 37

OPG production, which will eliminate RANKL.

RANKL is responsible for promoting differentiation of osteoclasts

Front 38

The amount of bone resorption depends on the balance of _ and _

Back 38

RANKL and OPG

Front 39

Hypocalcemia stimulates ____.
This hormone acts on Bone to _,
on intestines to _,
and on the kidney to _.

Back 39

PTH secretion

bone- activate osteoclasts, releasing Ca & phosphate into blood,
intestine- increase Ca absorption from food
kidney- Promotes Vit D & increases Ca reabsorption

Front 40

Bone loss is primarily due to
increased ____________ in women &
decreased ____________ in men

Back 40

increased resorption (increased osteoclasts) women

decreased formation (less osteoblasts) men

Front 41

What is the most effective way to slow/reverse bone loss

Back 41

Physical activity + Vit D + Ca


Physical activity**** (singular most important)

Front 42

Bone requires ___ to build density.

Back 42

Stress (muscular contraction & gravity)

in the absence of weight bearing activity no amount of nutritional or endocrine intervention can or will maintain bone density= Wolf's Law

Front 43

_________ increases protein synthesis & catabolism--> increased muscle mass & decreased fat

side effects: increased cholesterol, liver damage, aggression/mood changes, hormonal imbalance

Back 43

Anabolic steroids

Front 44

__________ leads to anabolism & glycogen sparing--> increased lean muscle & aerobic endurance

side effects: pituitary diabetes, acromegaly (adult), gigantism (prepubertal)

Back 44

GH

(hard to detect, rapidly metabolized)

Front 45

__________ increases catecholamine secretion, lipolysis, & FFA ox--> increased aerobic endurance & glycogen sparing

side effects: dehydration, stimulant (tachycardia,etc)

Back 45

Caffeine

(few side effects, safe & legal)

Front 46

__________ increases phosphagen (ATP) levels--> increased strength, muscle mass, anaerobic endurance

side effects: unknown

Back 46

Creatine

Front 47

__________ extends lactate threshold (alkaline consumed)--> increased endurance (prolong fatigue)

side effects: cramps, diarrhea

Back 47

blood buffering

Front 48

_________ extends glycogen depletion (carb load)--> increase aerobic endurance

side effects: ketosis, diabetes, water bloating

Back 48

glycogen loading

(deplete glycogen (increases glycogen synthase), then carb load (replenishes glycogen stores))

Front 49

_________ increases (erythropietin) Hb --> increased O2 capacity--> increased aerobic endurance

side effects: increased blood viscosity (stroke), heart attack, pulmonary failure

Back 49

blood doping

(easily tested, Hb levels are normally consistent)