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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CANCER PREVENTION
- which cancer is the most rapidly increasing CA worldwide? |
- Malignant melanoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Actinic (Solar) Keratosis is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
- Squamous cell carcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Chronic irritation at sinus orifice, 3rd degree burn scars is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
Squamous cell carcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Chronic UC is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
- Adenocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Complete hydatidiform mole is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
Choriocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Dysplastic nevus is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
Malignant melanoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Endometrial hyperplasia is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
adenocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Glandular metaplasia of esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
Adenocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Glandular metaplasia of stomach (H. Pylori) is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
- Adenocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Myelodysplastic syndrome is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
- Acute leukemia
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CANCER PREVENTION
Squamous dysplasia of Bronchus, Larynx, Oropharynx, and Cervix is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
Squamous cell carcinoma
(REM: endometrial = adenocarcinoma) (REM: cervix = Squamous cell carcinoma) |
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CANCER PREVENTION
Vaginal adenosis (DES) is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
- adenocarcinoma
(Clear cell adenocarcinoma) |
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CANCER PREVENTION
Scar tissue in the lungs is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
- Adenocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Atypical hyperplasia of ductal epithelium of the breast is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
Adenocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
Tubular adenoma of Colon is the precursor of a.) Adenocarcinoma b.) Squamous cell carcinoma c.) Choriocarcinoma d.) Acute Leukemia e.) Malignant Melanoma |
Adenocarcinoma
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CANCER PREVENTION
- most important lifestyle modification in the prevention of cancer? |
- stop smoking
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CANCER PREVENTION
- top 3 mortality prevention lifestyle modifications |
1. stop smoking
2. exercise/diet 3. alcohol cessation |
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CANCER PREVENTION
- Hepatitis B vaccine decreases the risk for? |
- HCC
(hep B cirrhosis) |
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CANCER PREVENTION
- HPV vaccine decreases the risk for? |
- cervical cancer
(squamous cell carcinoma) |
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CANCER PREVENTION
- Pap smears decreases the risk for |
- cervical cancer
(squamous cell carcinoma) |
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CANCER PREVENTION
- Rx for H. pylori decreases the risk for |
- Malignant Lymphoma
- Adenocarcinoma of stomach |
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CANCER PREVENTION
- Rx for GERD decreases the risk for |
- Barrett's esophagus
- Distal esophageal adenocarcinoma |
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CANCER
- List 4 cancer Proto-oncogenes |
(Proto-REAM)
- RAS (pt. mut) - ERBB2 (ampl.) - ABL (translocation) - MYC |
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CANCER
- List 2 Suppressor genes involved in CA |
- TP53 (pt. mut.)
- Ras (pt. mut.) |
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CANCER
- List an Anti-apoptosis gene |
- BCL2 (overexpression)
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CANCER
- List an apoptosis gene |
- BAX
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CANCER
- t(9:22) |
CML
(chr. 22 is philadelphia chr) |
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CANCER
- t(8:14) |
Burkitt's Lymphoma
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CANCER
- t(14:18) |
B-cell lymphoma
(due to overexpression of BCL2) |
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CANCER
- MC type of gene mutation? - List the top 3 for above |
- Point mutation
1. TP53 2. Ras 3. Rb |
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PROTO-ONCOGENES
ABL - function - mutation - CA |
- NonReceptor Tyrosine Kinase
- Translocation t(9:22) - CML (chr. 22 is the philly chr) |
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PROTO-ONCOGENES
HER (ERBB2) - function - mutation - CA |
- Receptor synthesis
- Amplification - Breast carcinoma (marker of aggressiveness) |
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PROTO-ONCOGENES
MYC - function - mutation - CA |
- Nuclear Transcription
- Translocation t(8:14) - Burkitt's lymphoma |
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PROTO-ONCOGENES
N-MYC - function - mutation - CA |
- Nuclear Transcription
- Amplification - Neuroblastoma |
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PROTO-ONCOGENES
RAS - function - mutation - CA |
- GTP signal transduction
- Point mutation - Leukemia - Lung carcinoma - Colon carcinoma - Pancreatic carcinoma |
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PROTO-ONCOGENES
RET - function - mutation - CA |
(RETurn the Point MEN)
- REcepTor synthesis - Point mutation - MEN 2a - MEN 2b |
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PROTO-ONCOGENES
SIS - function - mutation - CA |
- Growth Factor Synthesis
- Overexpression - Osteogenic sarcoma - Astrocytoma |
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TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES
APC - function - CA |
- Prevent Nuclear Transcription
- FAP |
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TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES
BRCA1/BRCA2 - function - CA |
- DNA repair
- Breast CA - Ovarian CA - Prostate CA |
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TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES
RB - function - CA |
- Inhibits G1 to S phase
- Retinoblastoma - Osteogenic sarcoma - Breast CA (?men) |
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TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES
TP53 - function - CA |
Function:
- Inhibits G1 to S phase CA - Lung CA - Breast CA - Colon CA Function - Activates BAX - Repairs DNA CA - Li-Fraumeni Syndrome |
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CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
- Polycyclic Hydrocarbons from cigarettes cause what 3 types of cancers? |
Squamous cell carcinoma (MOLL)
Adenocarcinoma (DP) Transition cell carcinoma (BR) |
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CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
- Polycyclic Hydrocarbons from cigarettes cause what Squamous cell carcinoma? |
- Mid-esophagus CA
- Oral cavity CA - Larynx CA - Lung CA |
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CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
- Polycyclic Hydrocarbons from cigarettes cause what Adenocarcinoma |
- Distal esophagus
- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma |
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CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
- Polycyclic Hydrocarbons from cigarettes cause what Transition cell carcinoma? |
- Bladder
- Renal pelvis |
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
- list 2 RNA virus carcinogens - what are the associated CA's? |
- HCV
(HCC - via postnecrotic cirrhosis) - HTLV-1 (T-cell leukemia & lymphoma) |
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
- List 4 DNA viral carcinogens |
- HBV
- EBV - HPV type 16 & 18 - HHV 8 |
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
- HBV causes what cancer? |
- HCC
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
- EBV causes what CA? |
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Burkitt's lymphoma - CNS lymphoma in AIDS pts - Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
- HHV-8 causes what CA? |
- Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS pts
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
- HPV 16,18 causes what CA? |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Cervix - Vulva/Vagina - Anus (ass. w/ anal sex) - Larynx - Orolarynx |
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
HPV type 16 - gene product? - gene product inhibits? |
- E6
- TP53 suppressor gene |
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VIRAL CARCINOGENS
HPV type 18 - gene product? - gene product inhibits? |
- E7
- RB suppressor gene |
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BACTERIAL CARCINOGENS
- what is the ONLY Bacterial carcinogen? - what CA does it cause? |
- H. pylori
- Stomach adenocarcinoma - Lymphoma |
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PARASITIC CARCINOGENS
- list 3 parasites that cause CA? |
(SOC)
- Schistosoma hematobium - Opisthorchis viverrini - Clonorchis sinensis |
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PARASITIC CARCINOGENS
- Schistosoma hematobium causes what CA? |
- Squamous cell carcinoma of Bladder
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PARASITIC CARCINOGENS
- Opisthorchis viverrini & Clonorchis sinensis cause what CA? |
- CholangioCarcinoma of Bile duct
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IONIZING RADIATION CARCINOMA
- describe the MOA of ionizing radiation causing CA |
- Hydroxyl FR injury to DNA
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IONIZING RADIATION CARCINOMA
- MC CA due to ionizing radiation carcinoma? |
- Leukemia (AML & CML)
- Osteogenic sarcoma - Papillary carcinoma of Thyroid |
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IONIZING RADIATION CARCINOMA
- MC CA due to excessive UV light exposure? |
- Basal cell carcinoma
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IONIZING RADIATION CARCINOMA
- MOA of UV light causing CA |
- formation of Pyrimidine dimers
(distorts DNA) |
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PHYSICAL INJURY CARCINOGENS
- what type of CA arises from 3rd degree burn scars? |
- Squamous cell carcinoma
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PHYSICAL INJURY CARCINOGENS
- what type of CA arises from chronically draining sinuses |
- Squamous cell carcinoma
(e.g. - Chronic osteomyelitis) |
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PHYSICAL INJURY CARCINOGENS
- a growth arising from a 3rd degree burn scar does not improve. What is the FIRST thing that you do? |
- Biopsy
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CANCER
- neoplastic growth appearing like a "volcano crater" located at the inner eye canthus is what? |
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
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CANCER
Basal Cell Carcinoma - does it invade? - does it metastasize? |
- Yes
- No |
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EXCISION REPAIR MECHANISM
- list the steps in this process |
1.) Endonuclease breaks ONE chain @ 5' end
2.) Exonuclease takes out the whole region with thymidine dimer 3.) Polymerase synthesizes new strand in 5'-3' direction 4.) Ligase rejoins the strands |
