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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the First Law of Thermodynamics, and its role in biologic energetics.
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Conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed. However, energy can be lost in the process of transfer energy (heat tax). This is seen when animals convert food into energy, but lose some in the transfer at heat is released.
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Describe the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and its role in biologic energetics.
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Increasing Entropy, disorder will only increase in the universe unless energy is expelled to create order. Animals increase entropy when they hydrolyze ATP to give off energy, and decrease entropy when they use energy to put cells together to form organs and organ systems.
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Explain changes in Free Energy in terms of endo and exer gonic.
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Endegonic reactions have a positive delta G, and require energy to proceed. Therfore they are not thermodynamically favorable. Exergonic rxns have a negative delta G and expell energy. These rxns are spontaneous and thermo. favorible.
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Define Enthalpy and Entropy.
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Enthalpy is the amount of internal energy of a rxn measured in heat. Entropy is the amount of disorder a rxn or system contains.
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Negative Entropy means....
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energy has been released and is considered more disordered.
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Positive Entropy means...
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that energy has been taken in, and the system is more ordered.
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Define Keq.
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Keq = [products]\[reactants] at equilibrium. Keq is constant throughout the rxn.
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Define what a buffer is and what it does.
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A buffer is a Weak acid and its conjugate base. It regulates the pH and pKa within 1 measurement.
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What are the monomer and polymer form of the 4 basic organic compounds (FAANS)
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free fatty acids and fatty acids
amino acids and proteins nucleotides and nucleic acid monosacharides and polysacharids |
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what are the organic groups found on sugars.
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hydroxyl groups, ketone, aldehyde
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explain how sugar chains for rings.
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the carboxyl group of one end will bond with the keton or aldehyde of another in a condensation rxn.
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what is a monosacharid made up of?
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central carbon, carboxyl group, aldehyde or ketone, another carbon group, and a hydrogen.
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what can be broken down to create 6 times the energy of glucose (weight for weight)?
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triacylglycerols can be broken down into 2 carbon chains and enter the same cycle as glucose, but produce much more energy.
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describe a nucleic acids structure and property.
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long polymers of nucleotide monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds formed by a nucleotide and the hydroxyl of a sugar.
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describe a nucleosides structure and property.
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a purine or pyrimidine (a base) covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose.
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describe a nucleotides structure and properties
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a nitrogen ring, 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group. aka a nucleoside that has a phosphate group joined by ester linkages to a sugar
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What does snRNA do?
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splices mRNA
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What are miRNA and siRNA, and what do they do?
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micro RNA and small interfering RNA regulate gene expression.
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What are the 10 polar aa, and what charges do they carry?
hint(acid is bad, HAL is happy, and you should Always Go Straight Through Ty) |
Asparic acid and Glutamic Acid are neg. charged. Histadine, Arginine and Lysine are positive. the uncharged are Asparagine, Glutamine, Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine.
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What are the Essential aa's?
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(I Lyke To Hate The Vikings, Love my Packers) Isoluecine, Lysine, Threonine, Histadine, tryptophan, Valine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine.
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The RER is responsible for?
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synthesizing proteins
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The SER is responsible for?
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synthesizing lipids and steroids, metabolize carbs and steroids, drug detox, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
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3 major components of the cell membrane?
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phospholipids, glycolipids,and cholesterol.
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major membrane phospholipids are defined by their polar head groups, what are they and where are they located.
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choline PC, serine PS, Inositol PI, Ethanolamine PE, and sphingomyelin.
PC and Sphingomyelin are on the outer leaf. PS, PE and PI are on the outer leaf. |
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What accounts for leaflet assymetry and where are they produced?
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Glycolipids, PC,PE,PI,PS,Sphingo.
Produced by the ER |
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cholesterol has what for a head group?
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a small hydroxyl polar head group.
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what are the three types of membrane pumps?
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P, F, and ABC
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what are the 2 types of facillitated diffusion?
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Channel and Transporter
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Describe how a P-pump works and what it pumps.
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Phosphorylate themselves to pump ions out of the cell. Na,K,CA,H.
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Describe how an F pump works and what it pumps.
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use multiple subunits and pump H+ into the cell and create ATP.
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Describe how an ABC pump works and what it pumps.
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They use ATP to pump small molecules into cell.
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what allow for rapid ion flux across the membrane?
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transmembrane protein channels
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Ion channels aka gated channels are made up of ?
what are their stable states ? |
glycoproteins.
closed, and briefly open. never stay open for a long period of time. |
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what are the 3 types of ion gated channels?
what is the 4th type of channel? |
voltage, ligand, mechanical.
gap junctions, between adjacent cells. |
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the resting potential is maintained by which pump?
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Na/K
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which type of pump is responsible for re-establishing the membrane potential?
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P-pump. pumps ions out
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