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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What types of immunity does colostrum provide?
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local immunity: Igs in intestines
-prevents enteric dz, short T1/2, can’t easily measure systemic immunity: Igs in blood -prevents respiratory & systemic dz, T1/2: ~21 d., can measure |
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What methods are recommended for administering colostrum?
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bottle, esophageal feeder
NOT nursing |
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How much colostrum should a calf get to ensure adequate passive transfer?
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4 L of good quality colostrum w/in 1st 12 hrs generally needed for adequate passive transfer
provides 150-200 g of IgG: goal is for SI to absorb 40 g (intestinal absorption not extremely efficient) |
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Why is pooling of colostrum not advised?
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overemphasizes poor quality colostrum (high volume, low IgG conc.)
good way to transmit dz (ex. Johne’s, BLV) |
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What is the occurrence of FPT in beef calves vs. dairy calves?
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dairy: 20-40%
beef: 5-15% --> predisposes to development of dz |
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What is gut closure & when does it occur?
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gut closure: time when enterocytes cease to absorb Igs
in general, absorption is best during 1st 4-6 hrs. & gut closure occurs at ~24 hours |
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What are some factors affecting passive transfer?
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time of colostrum feeding
-efficiency of IgG absorption declines rapidly after birth concentration of colostral IgG -level of IgG in colostrum drops rapidly after calving -greater the volume of colostrum, lower the Ig conc. length of dry period > 60 d.: ↓ IgG b/c of ↑ volume < 45 d.: does not allow for IgG exudation from serum IgG conc. ↑ w/ parity (↑ lactation #) volume of colostrum fed -conc. x volume = mass of IgG -mass varies widely b’twn dams depending on time of milking, length of dry period, nutrition, lactation #, breed |
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What is the test of choice for monitoring a herd's colostrum program & how does it work?
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serum total protein
measured by refractometer do at 1-7 d. of age on at least 10 calves cheap, easy to do get false ↑ w/ sick animals d/t dehydration for monitoring, want serum TP > 5.5 < 5.0 = complete FPT |
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What is the test of choice for measuring passive transfer in individual sick calves & how does it work?
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sodium sulfite turbidity test
relies on ability of a salt sol’n to precipitate proteins not affected by hydration status (+) test = inability to read newsprint thru sol’n at a dilution of 18% (corresponds to goal of having serum IgG conc. ≥ 1,000 mg/dl in dairy calves) |
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What is a semi-quantitative assay used to estimate passive transfer & how does it work?
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ELISA
gives semi-quantitative IgG conc.: tells you if IgG is > or < 1000 mg/dl very accurate can be done on whole blood on farm fairly cheap & reliable: good assay for sick calves |
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What is the preferred tx for FPT in
a. calves < 24 hrs. b. calves > 24 hrs. |
a. GIVE COLOSTRUM
-fresh or frozen from same species is best -can use colostrum replacer produced if necessary b. consider IV or IP administration of Igs: plasma, serum, or whole blood for valuable calves OR -place in clean environment w/o tx: many calves will be fine, but are at much higher risk of dz |
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What is included in the physical exam of a calf?
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attitude: should be very bright
heart auscultation: congenital heart detects not uncommon palpate umbilicus & joints note eyeball position for hydration status lungs: cranioventral pneumonia most common check for other congenital defects incl. cleft palate, atresia ani, hernias, etc. |
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What tests are NOT recommended to assess passive transfer?
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zinc sulfate turbidity test
GGT whole blood glutaraldehyde clot test |
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neonatal septicemia
a. occurrence b. clinical signs c. dx |
a. common sequela to FPT
significant cause of mortality in calves < 14 d. b. lethargy, fever, diarrhea, tachypnea, polyarthritis, uveitis, omphalitis, meningitis c. usually by hx & PE: presence of CLINICAL SIGNS + FPT VERY SUGGESTIVE -CBC can confirm septicemia (neutrophilia or neutropenia): no prognostic value -blood cultures can be done on valuable calves: not cost effective for routine use |
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neonatal septicemia
a. tx b. px |
a. RESERVED FOR VALUABLE CALVES
-broad spectrum ABs: ceftiofur best -NSAIDs (flunixin), fluids, + dextrose PRN -consider plasma transfusion -tx 2º infections: umbilical resections, joint lavage, etc. b. guarded to poor sepsis scoring: -doesn’t work that well in calves -positive predictive value: 66-70% -useful indicators: toxic changes in neutrophils, FPT, presence of focal infection, poor suckle reflex, serum creatinine > 5.7 mg/dl |
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neonatal polyarthritis
a. etiology b. tx d. px |
a. usually d/t hematogenous spread: sequela to pneumonia, enteritis, or umbilical infection
common bacteria: E. coli, Salmonella, Mycoplasma bovis b. joint lavage & ABs (oxytetracycline, ceftiofur, or ampicillin) c. hock & carpus best, stifle worst |
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neonatal meningitis
a. etiology b. signs c. dx d. px |
a. possible sequela to septicemia
-E. coli most common b. ABNORMAL MENTATION, recumbency, loss of suckle reflex, coma, opisthotonus, tremors c. CSF tap: pleocytosis, xanothocromia, high TP d. poor |
