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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are signs of LMN dz?
paresis or paralysis
hyporeflexia or areflexia
hypotonia or atonia
early, severe muscle atrophy
eventual muscle contracture & fibrosis
What are signs of UMN dz?
paresis or paralysis
normal or hyperreflexia
↑ tone to extensor muscles
late, mild disuse muscle atrophy
What signs are common in spinal cord lesions in the following areas:

a. cervical
b. cervicothoracic
c. thoracolumbar
d. lumbosacral
a. thoracic: UMN, pelvic: UMN
b. thoracic: LMN, pelvic: UMN
c. thoracic: normal, pelvic: UMN
d. thoracic: normal, pelvic: LMN
What are signs of forebrain dz?

Which 2 findings are unique to ruminants?
altered mentation
behavior change: aggression, head pressing, yawning
visual deficits
circling
seizures
postural deficits

unique to ruminants:
dorsomedial strabismus: can be seen w/ diffuse forebrain dz
dysphagia: d/t interference w/ voluntary higher motor control of swallowing
What are signs of cerebellar dz?
incoordination: ataxia, wide based stance, hypermetria, intention tremor
absent menace
vestibular signs
no weakness
What are signs of brain stem dz?
cranial nerve (III-XII) deficits
depression of consciousness
paresis
postural rxn deficits
vestibular dz
-signs: ataxia, falling, rolling, circling, head tilt, strabismus, nystagmus
How does central vs. peripheral vestibular disease present?
-depression
central: yes, peripheral: no
-paresis, postural rxn deficits
central: yes, peripheral: no
-other CN deficits
central: others involved (ex. 5, 7), peripheral: 7 may be involved
-nystagmus
central: horizontal, rotary, vertical, or positional; peripheral: horizontal or rortary
ddx for spinal cord dz
congenital abnormalities

trauma

infectious
-CAE
-verminous myelitis
-vertebral osteomyelitis/diskospondylitis

toxin/nutritional
-enzootic ataxia

neoplasia
-LSA
caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis (CAE)

a. epidemiology
b. signs
c. dx
d. tx
e. prevention
a. kids: 1-4 mo.
b. UMN para-->tetraparesis
cerebellar or brain stem may be involved
fever, tachypnea, polyarthritis
c. PE findings, serology (herd), CSF, necropsy
d. none (poor px)
e. separate kids from dam, heat tx colostrum & milk, maintain closed herd, serologic herd monitoring
verminous myelitis

a. epidemiology
b. etiology
c. signs
d. dx
e. tx
a. young goats & lambs, adult cattle
b. P. tenuis, H. bovis, OP application in cattle
c. peracute asymmetric deficits
d. CSF: eosinophilic or neutrophilic pleocytosis
e. anthelmintics & anti-inflammatories
-expect permanent deficits
vertebral osteomyelitis/diskospondylitis

a. epidemiology
b. cause
a. neonates
b. systemic infection w/ Corynebacterium, Pasteurella, Staph
enzootic ataxia

a. epidemielogy
b. etiology
c. signs
d. dx
e. tx
a. 3-12 wk. old kids & lambs
b. copper deficiency
c. pelvic limb ataxia progressing to LMN tetraplegia
d. other signs of Cu deficiency, low blood & tissue Cu levels
d. Cu supplementation
LSA

a. epidemiology
b. signs
c. dx
a. dairy cattle
b. acute onset of paraparesis & recumbency
c. CBC: lymphocytosis or atypical lymphocytes
positive test for BLV
ddx for forebrain dz
metabolic: hepatic encephalopathy

**toxic/nutritional**: polioencephalomalacia, lead poisoning, urea poisoning, salt intoxication, “overeating” dz

**infectious**
-bacterial: TEME, brain abscess
-viral: rabies, pseudorabies, CAE, etc.
-prion: BSE, scrapie
-protozoal

trauma

if focal: think infectious or trauma
What are possible sequelae to forebrain dz?
brain herniation w/ compression of brainstem

can see brain stem signs w/ severe dz
can be fatal
rabies

a. most common form in ruminants
b. signs
c. dx
a. cerebral (furious)
b. salivation, aggression, abnormal vocalization, behavior changes, seizures
c. definitive dx: positive IFA results on fresh brain
polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

a. epidemiology
b. pathogenesis
c. causes
a. animals < 1 yo (outbreak or isolated case)
b. disturbance in thiamine metabolism interferes w/ glycolysis --> laminar cortical necrosis
c. high carb, low roughage diet
bracken fern
long term amprolium, levamisole, or thiobendazole tx
polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

a. signs
b. dx
c. tx
d. px
a. diffuse forebrain dz: central blindness, staggering gait, wandering, dorsomedial strabismus
b. signs, hx
response to thiamine supplementation: non-specific
specific tests: decreased erythrocyte thiamine dependent transketolase activity
autofluoresence of cortical tissue at necropsy
c. thiamine administration + supportive
d. good if not recumbent
lead poisoning

a. epidemiology
b. etiology
c. pathogenesis
a. pastured calves
b. accidental ingestion of discarded materials on farm
c. lead interferes w/ normal heme synthesis --> ↓ O2 carrying capacity --> cerebral ischemia --> laminar cortical necrosis
lead poisoning

a. signs
b. dx
c. tx
d. px
a. diffuse forebrain dz: central blindness, behavior changes, wandering gait
often see GI signs
b. CBC: nucleated RBCs, basophilic stippling
blood lead levels: acute vs. chronic exposure
c. calcium disodium EDTA: chelation
remove cause
thiamine, supportive
d. fair w/ aggressive tx
salt intoxication

a. epidemiology
b. etiology
c. pathogenesis
a. most common in range cattle, feeder calves, & lambs
b. ingestion of excess salt or severe dehydration, often followed by unrestricted drinking
c. shifts in serum osmolality --> shifts in intracellular water --> cellular edema/dehydration --> cortical laminar necrosis & edema
salt intoxication

a. signs
b. dx
c. tx
d. px
a. signs of diffuse forebrain dz
other: colic, fluid filled rumen, diarrhea, arrhythmias, hemoglobinuria, pyrexia
b. ratio of CSF Na+ concentration to serum Na+ concentration > 1
presence of hemoglobinuria & hemoglobinemia
c. replace water deficit slowly over 1-2 d.
+/- furosemide
d. fair if treated early
urea poisoning

a. epidemiology
b. etiology
c. signs
a. seen in cattle, usually as outbreak after feeding new batch of urea containing feed
b. feeding excess urea, or sudden ↑ in amt. fed
c. diffuse forebrain dz: ataxia, blindness, salivation, vocalization, seizures
other signs: bloat, dyspnea, abdominal pain
urea poisoning

a. dx
b. tx
c. px
a. hx of introduction of new feed
↑ blood ammonia levels in absence of liver dz
b. evacuate & lavage stomach
give 5% vinegar + cold water to acidify rumen
c. poor (usually fatal)
thromboemoblic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

a. epidemiology
b. etiology/pathogenesis
c. signs
a. weanling to young adult feedlot cattle
b. Histophilus somni infection --> thrombosis of small vessels in brain
c. fever, polyarthritis, respiratory dz
rapidly progressive CNS signs: forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem
thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

a. dx
b. tx
c. px
d. prevention
a. clinical signs
CSF analysis: neutrophilic pleocytosis
b. ABs: tetracycline, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, penicillin, ampicillin (must be early)
c. fair w/ intensive tx
d. vaccination
ddx for cerebellar dz
congenital
-cerebellar hypoplasia (bovine viral diarrhea)**
-cerebellar abiotrophy
-storage dz

infectious
-scrapie
-TEME**

trauma

neoplasia
BVD

a. pathogenesis
b. signs
c. dx
d. tx
e. prevention
a. fetus exposed to virus during d. 100-200 of gestation --> cerebellar hypoplasia
b. apparent when animal begins to ambulate, NOT progressive
hypermetria, intention tremor, recumbency, opisthotonus, pendulous nystagmus, NO weakness
c. positive presuckle titer
known exposure of dam to virus in mid-gestation
d. none
e. vaccinate dams
scrapie

a. epidemiology
b. signs
c. dx
a. adult sheep & goats (2-5 yo)
b. cerebellar signs, pruritis progressing to recumbency & death
c. characteristic necropsy findings
antemortem test: immunohistochemistry on lymphoid tissue
reportable dz
ddx for vestibular dz

a. central
b. peripheral
a. listeriosis**
brain abscess
rabies
parasitic encephalitis
TEME
trauma
b.
otitis media/interna
trauma
What is the diagnostic plan for vestibular dz?
CBC
skull/bulla rads
CSF analysis
response to ABs
listeriosis

a. epidemiology
b. etiology
c. pathogenesis
a. adults: multiple cases w/in herd over short period
b. Listeria monocytogenes
risk factor: feeding poor quality silage
c. organism enters mucous mems of head & migrate up CN V to enter brain stem
listeriosis

a. signs
b. dx
c. tx
d. px
a. acute onset brain stem dysfunction: cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, paresis, depression of consciousness
b. presumptive: signs
CSF analysis: most useful antemortem test
-marked mononuclear to mixed pleocytosis
necropsy: characteristic microabscesses in brain stem
-confirm w/ immunohistochemistry
c. ABs: penicillin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, or ampicillin
supportive care
d. fair if treated early, poor if recumbent
otitis media/interna

a. etiology
b. pathogenesis
c. dx
d. tx
a. common isolates: Pasteurella, Corynebacterium, Strep
b. route of infection usually hematogenous spread or ascending infection from resp. tract
c. endoscopy, rads of bulla, culture via myringotomy
d. long term (4 wks) tx w/ ABs: penicillin, sulfonamides or based on C/S
For each forebrain dz is it forebrain specific & does it affect individuals or entire herd?

a. rabies
b. PEM
c. lead poisoning
d. salt intoxication
e. urea poisoning
f. TEME
a. no, individual
b. yes, either
c. yes, either
d. yes, herd
e. yes, herd
f. no, herd
For each central vestibular dz is it brain stem specific & does it affect individuals or entire herd?

a. listeriosis
b. brain abscess
c. rabies
d. parasites
e. TEME
f. trauma
a. yes, individual (multiple)
b. no, individual
c. no, individual
d. no, individual
e. no, herd
f. no, individual