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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are signs of LMN dz?
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paresis or paralysis
hyporeflexia or areflexia hypotonia or atonia early, severe muscle atrophy eventual muscle contracture & fibrosis |
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What are signs of UMN dz?
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paresis or paralysis
normal or hyperreflexia ↑ tone to extensor muscles late, mild disuse muscle atrophy |
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What signs are common in spinal cord lesions in the following areas:
a. cervical b. cervicothoracic c. thoracolumbar d. lumbosacral |
a. thoracic: UMN, pelvic: UMN
b. thoracic: LMN, pelvic: UMN c. thoracic: normal, pelvic: UMN d. thoracic: normal, pelvic: LMN |
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What are signs of forebrain dz?
Which 2 findings are unique to ruminants? |
altered mentation
behavior change: aggression, head pressing, yawning visual deficits circling seizures postural deficits unique to ruminants: dorsomedial strabismus: can be seen w/ diffuse forebrain dz dysphagia: d/t interference w/ voluntary higher motor control of swallowing |
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What are signs of cerebellar dz?
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incoordination: ataxia, wide based stance, hypermetria, intention tremor
absent menace vestibular signs no weakness |
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What are signs of brain stem dz?
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cranial nerve (III-XII) deficits
depression of consciousness paresis postural rxn deficits vestibular dz -signs: ataxia, falling, rolling, circling, head tilt, strabismus, nystagmus |
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How does central vs. peripheral vestibular disease present?
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-depression
central: yes, peripheral: no -paresis, postural rxn deficits central: yes, peripheral: no -other CN deficits central: others involved (ex. 5, 7), peripheral: 7 may be involved -nystagmus central: horizontal, rotary, vertical, or positional; peripheral: horizontal or rortary |
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ddx for spinal cord dz
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congenital abnormalities
trauma infectious -CAE -verminous myelitis -vertebral osteomyelitis/diskospondylitis toxin/nutritional -enzootic ataxia neoplasia -LSA |
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caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis (CAE)
a. epidemiology b. signs c. dx d. tx e. prevention |
a. kids: 1-4 mo.
b. UMN para-->tetraparesis cerebellar or brain stem may be involved fever, tachypnea, polyarthritis c. PE findings, serology (herd), CSF, necropsy d. none (poor px) e. separate kids from dam, heat tx colostrum & milk, maintain closed herd, serologic herd monitoring |
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verminous myelitis
a. epidemiology b. etiology c. signs d. dx e. tx |
a. young goats & lambs, adult cattle
b. P. tenuis, H. bovis, OP application in cattle c. peracute asymmetric deficits d. CSF: eosinophilic or neutrophilic pleocytosis e. anthelmintics & anti-inflammatories -expect permanent deficits |
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vertebral osteomyelitis/diskospondylitis
a. epidemiology b. cause |
a. neonates
b. systemic infection w/ Corynebacterium, Pasteurella, Staph |
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enzootic ataxia
a. epidemielogy b. etiology c. signs d. dx e. tx |
a. 3-12 wk. old kids & lambs
b. copper deficiency c. pelvic limb ataxia progressing to LMN tetraplegia d. other signs of Cu deficiency, low blood & tissue Cu levels d. Cu supplementation |
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LSA
a. epidemiology b. signs c. dx |
a. dairy cattle
b. acute onset of paraparesis & recumbency c. CBC: lymphocytosis or atypical lymphocytes positive test for BLV |
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ddx for forebrain dz
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metabolic: hepatic encephalopathy
**toxic/nutritional**: polioencephalomalacia, lead poisoning, urea poisoning, salt intoxication, “overeating” dz **infectious** -bacterial: TEME, brain abscess -viral: rabies, pseudorabies, CAE, etc. -prion: BSE, scrapie -protozoal trauma if focal: think infectious or trauma |
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What are possible sequelae to forebrain dz?
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brain herniation w/ compression of brainstem
can see brain stem signs w/ severe dz can be fatal |
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rabies
a. most common form in ruminants b. signs c. dx |
a. cerebral (furious)
b. salivation, aggression, abnormal vocalization, behavior changes, seizures c. definitive dx: positive IFA results on fresh brain |
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polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
a. epidemiology b. pathogenesis c. causes |
a. animals < 1 yo (outbreak or isolated case)
b. disturbance in thiamine metabolism interferes w/ glycolysis --> laminar cortical necrosis c. high carb, low roughage diet bracken fern long term amprolium, levamisole, or thiobendazole tx |
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polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
a. signs b. dx c. tx d. px |
a. diffuse forebrain dz: central blindness, staggering gait, wandering, dorsomedial strabismus
b. signs, hx response to thiamine supplementation: non-specific specific tests: decreased erythrocyte thiamine dependent transketolase activity autofluoresence of cortical tissue at necropsy c. thiamine administration + supportive d. good if not recumbent |
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lead poisoning
a. epidemiology b. etiology c. pathogenesis |
a. pastured calves
b. accidental ingestion of discarded materials on farm c. lead interferes w/ normal heme synthesis --> ↓ O2 carrying capacity --> cerebral ischemia --> laminar cortical necrosis |
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lead poisoning
a. signs b. dx c. tx d. px |
a. diffuse forebrain dz: central blindness, behavior changes, wandering gait
often see GI signs b. CBC: nucleated RBCs, basophilic stippling blood lead levels: acute vs. chronic exposure c. calcium disodium EDTA: chelation remove cause thiamine, supportive d. fair w/ aggressive tx |
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salt intoxication
a. epidemiology b. etiology c. pathogenesis |
a. most common in range cattle, feeder calves, & lambs
b. ingestion of excess salt or severe dehydration, often followed by unrestricted drinking c. shifts in serum osmolality --> shifts in intracellular water --> cellular edema/dehydration --> cortical laminar necrosis & edema |
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salt intoxication
a. signs b. dx c. tx d. px |
a. signs of diffuse forebrain dz
other: colic, fluid filled rumen, diarrhea, arrhythmias, hemoglobinuria, pyrexia b. ratio of CSF Na+ concentration to serum Na+ concentration > 1 presence of hemoglobinuria & hemoglobinemia c. replace water deficit slowly over 1-2 d. +/- furosemide d. fair if treated early |
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urea poisoning
a. epidemiology b. etiology c. signs |
a. seen in cattle, usually as outbreak after feeding new batch of urea containing feed
b. feeding excess urea, or sudden ↑ in amt. fed c. diffuse forebrain dz: ataxia, blindness, salivation, vocalization, seizures other signs: bloat, dyspnea, abdominal pain |
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urea poisoning
a. dx b. tx c. px |
a. hx of introduction of new feed
↑ blood ammonia levels in absence of liver dz b. evacuate & lavage stomach give 5% vinegar + cold water to acidify rumen c. poor (usually fatal) |
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thromboemoblic meningoencephalitis (TEME)
a. epidemiology b. etiology/pathogenesis c. signs |
a. weanling to young adult feedlot cattle
b. Histophilus somni infection --> thrombosis of small vessels in brain c. fever, polyarthritis, respiratory dz rapidly progressive CNS signs: forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem |
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thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)
a. dx b. tx c. px d. prevention |
a. clinical signs
CSF analysis: neutrophilic pleocytosis b. ABs: tetracycline, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, penicillin, ampicillin (must be early) c. fair w/ intensive tx d. vaccination |
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ddx for cerebellar dz
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congenital
-cerebellar hypoplasia (bovine viral diarrhea)** -cerebellar abiotrophy -storage dz infectious -scrapie -TEME** trauma neoplasia |
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BVD
a. pathogenesis b. signs c. dx d. tx e. prevention |
a. fetus exposed to virus during d. 100-200 of gestation --> cerebellar hypoplasia
b. apparent when animal begins to ambulate, NOT progressive hypermetria, intention tremor, recumbency, opisthotonus, pendulous nystagmus, NO weakness c. positive presuckle titer known exposure of dam to virus in mid-gestation d. none e. vaccinate dams |
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scrapie
a. epidemiology b. signs c. dx |
a. adult sheep & goats (2-5 yo)
b. cerebellar signs, pruritis progressing to recumbency & death c. characteristic necropsy findings antemortem test: immunohistochemistry on lymphoid tissue reportable dz |
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ddx for vestibular dz
a. central b. peripheral |
a. listeriosis**
brain abscess rabies parasitic encephalitis TEME trauma b. otitis media/interna trauma |
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What is the diagnostic plan for vestibular dz?
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CBC
skull/bulla rads CSF analysis response to ABs |
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listeriosis
a. epidemiology b. etiology c. pathogenesis |
a. adults: multiple cases w/in herd over short period
b. Listeria monocytogenes risk factor: feeding poor quality silage c. organism enters mucous mems of head & migrate up CN V to enter brain stem |
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listeriosis
a. signs b. dx c. tx d. px |
a. acute onset brain stem dysfunction: cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, paresis, depression of consciousness
b. presumptive: signs CSF analysis: most useful antemortem test -marked mononuclear to mixed pleocytosis necropsy: characteristic microabscesses in brain stem -confirm w/ immunohistochemistry c. ABs: penicillin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, or ampicillin supportive care d. fair if treated early, poor if recumbent |
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otitis media/interna
a. etiology b. pathogenesis c. dx d. tx |
a. common isolates: Pasteurella, Corynebacterium, Strep
b. route of infection usually hematogenous spread or ascending infection from resp. tract c. endoscopy, rads of bulla, culture via myringotomy d. long term (4 wks) tx w/ ABs: penicillin, sulfonamides or based on C/S |
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For each forebrain dz is it forebrain specific & does it affect individuals or entire herd?
a. rabies b. PEM c. lead poisoning d. salt intoxication e. urea poisoning f. TEME |
a. no, individual
b. yes, either c. yes, either d. yes, herd e. yes, herd f. no, herd |
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For each central vestibular dz is it brain stem specific & does it affect individuals or entire herd?
a. listeriosis b. brain abscess c. rabies d. parasites e. TEME f. trauma |
a. yes, individual (multiple)
b. no, individual c. no, individual d. no, individual e. no, herd f. no, individual |