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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is specific to ruminants with liver disease?
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photosensitization
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What is primary cause of photosensitization
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Toxic plant ingestion
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What is a secondary cause of photosensitization?
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Liver disease
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What are two function diagnostic tests for ruminant liver disease
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Hypoglycemia (more specific in ruminants)
Hypoalbuminemia |
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Name 4 enzymes that are tested in ruminant liver disease
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SDH
AST GGT OCT |
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Which hepatocelluar enxyme is sensitive and specific
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SDH (short half life)
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Which hepatocelluar enxyme is sensitive but NOT specific
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AST (long halflife)
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How can you check for cholestasis?
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GGT (sensitive and specific)
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T/F: ALT, ALP, and LDH are worthless in ruminants
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True
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What is most commonly elevated due to hemolysis but isn't really sensitive or specific enough?
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Bilirubin
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T/F: Extremely high bile acids are significant
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True
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On what side is the liver in the ruminant?
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Right side
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What will you see with an ultrasound of hepatic lipidosis?
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increased echogenicity
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What will cause a rounding of the caudal vena cava on U/S
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Thrombosis (causes increased pressure)
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Where and how do you perform a liver biopsy
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Blindly on the R side at the 11th ICS
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What is the most common reason to perform a liver biopsy?
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to assess mineral status of a beef herd
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What is a contraindication for liver biospy?
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if abscesses are suspected
(also coag problems too if you bothered to check) |
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What is the most likely etiology of liver abscesses?
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feedlot animals or dairy cows on high grain diets
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What is the major bacterium isolated in liver abscesses?
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F. necrophorum
(leukotoxins produced by it allow it to survive and cause abscesses) |
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What are secondary effects of liver abscesses?
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Peritonitis (rupture of abscess)
Obstruction of bile duct CVC thrombosis (portal hypertension and ascites) Metastatic pneumonia (severe coughing with bloody discharge) |
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What is the treatment for liver abscesses?
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Rarely attempted (not recognized until grave prognosis)
However may use surgical draining and parenteral abx followed by oral abx (penicillin, oxytet, macrolide) |
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1. What is the difference in osmolarity between the beginning and end of the proximal tubule?
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Same: absorption is isosmotic
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What is the main liver fluke ruminants can get?
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Fasciola hepatica
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What are the white spots with liver fluke infestation? Black spots?
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White: Old sites of infections (fibrous)
Black: Active sites |
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How long does it take for liver flukes to mature?
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2 months
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How can you test for liver flukes?
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Fecal sedimentation
ELISA |
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What is most commonly used flukecide?
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Albendazole and Clorsulon
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When do you treat for liver flukes in the Gulf states? Northwest?
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Gulf: Around July (transmission is in spring and early summer)
Northwest: Treat in winter (transmission in late fall and early winter) |
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What causes Black disease and who does it affect primarily?
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Clostridium novyi type B
SHEEP |
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How do you diagnose black disease?
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Acute death: Necrosis of liver at necropsy (Gram + rods in lesions) and SQ hemorrhage
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How can you prevent black disease?
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Adequate fluke control
Vaccination for Clostridium novyi Type B (several wks prior to onset of fluke season and repeat if transmission is longer than 5-6mo) |
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What causes Red Water Disease? Who does it affect most?
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Clostridium hemolyticum
CATTLE |
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What will you see at necropsy for Red Water Disease?
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SQ petechiation
Dark red urine Hemorrhagic pleural and peritoneal fluid Hyperemic zone around necrotic lesions in liver |
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T/F: Clinical signs of liver disease in ruminants are often non-specific?
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True
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What is clostridial hepatitis secondary to?
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fluke migration
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Four viruses-->most common respiratory diseases
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PI3
BRSV BVD IBR |
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How do you diagnose mycotic or bacterial nasal granulomas?
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Endoscopy
Biopsy Culture |
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T/F: Allergic rhinitis does not lead to granulomas
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False
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What does atopic rhinitis/enzootinc nasal granuloma look like?
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Most frequently along medial wall: multiple, hard, white, raised nodules 1-2mm in diameter
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What causes enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep and goats?
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Ovine or Caprine adenocarcinoma virus
(Retrovirus) |
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What do you call the condition when nasal conchae lack communication with nasal cavity and fill with thick white fluid?
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Congenital Cystic Nasal Turbinates
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What two common causes of sinusitis?
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Dehorning
Infected teeth |
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Case: Kid recently dehorned. Now the kid is anorexic, lethargic, has fever, seems painful, and has strange head tilt
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Sinusitis
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How should you prevent sinusitis
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Dehorn as neonates
Dehorn by closed methods Avoid dehorning in rainy, windy, or dusty conditions |
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What is the bot that may infest the nasal cavity of sheep and goats?
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Oestrus ovis
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Explain the pathophysiology of Oestrus ovis
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Larvae deposited in nares in warm months migrate and undergo development in the upper respiratory tract
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How would you confirm an Oestrus ovis infestation and what would you treat it with?
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Endoscopy to confirm
Ivermectin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, etc (nothing specific) |
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What are the most common diseases of the pharynx, larnyx, and trachea (think general)?
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Trauma
Celluitis Abscesses |
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Name 2 common bacteria associated with diseases of the pharynx, larnyx, and trachea
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A. pyogenes
Actinobacillus Pasturella Fusobacterium necrophorum Strep (whatever is in the mouth!) |
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What causes acute/chronic infection of laryngeal mucosa/cartilage of young cattle and laryngeal contact ulcers may allow invasion of Fusobacterium necrophorum?
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Necrotic Laryngitis (calf diphtheria, laryngeal necrobacillosis)
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Case: 5 month old calves acutely present with a moist cough. It has inspiratory dyspnea with stertor and open mouth breathing with the head and neck extended. The calves are salivating, seem to have difficulty swallowing, are depressed, have a fever and fetid odor to the breath. A few of the first calves to break with symptoms died after about 3d.
The larynx is swollen and painful on palpation. |
Necrotic Laryngitis (calf diphtheria, laryngeal necrobacillosis)
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"Honker cattle"- what is it and what are the two forms?
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Tracheal edema syndrome of Feedlot Cattle
1. Acute dyspnea 2. Chronic cough |
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What is the cause of arytenoid cartilage abscesses?
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Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes
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What are the three classifications of pneumonia
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Bronchial
Metastatic Interstitial |
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What is the largest cause of economic loss in feedlot calves and lambs and a common cause of dairy calf death losses?
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Bronchopnemonias:
Shipping fever or BRD (bovine respiratory disease) in beef calves "Enzootic pneumonia" in dairy calves |
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Three major risk factors associated with enzootic calf pneumonia
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Inadequate passive transfer of immunoglobulins
Nutritional issues Environment |
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What are the common agents in shipping fever?
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Bacteria: Pasturella multocida, Mannhemia hemolytica, Mycoplasma
Virus:IP3, BVD, IBR, BRSV |
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In what operative areas are the risks highest for shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle?
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At farm of origin
During transit In the feedlot |
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T/F: Morbitity and mortality of feedlot cattle is highly variable with shipping fever
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True
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What can reduce the incidence of respiratory disease at the farm of origin
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Weaning, creep feeding and routine surgeries done at least 3 wks before shipping
Vaccination Correct nutritional deficiencies |
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What can increase the incidence of respiratory disease during transit?
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Sale through auctions
Feeding low energy diets before shipping Prolonged time in market channels |
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What can increase the incidence of respiratory disease at the feedlot?
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Processing procedures
Mixing calves from different sources Feeding diet of >75% concentrates Variations in temperature |
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Case: Cattle with "red nose," conjunctivitis and ocular dishcharge, pyrexia, anorexia, decreased mild production, increased RR and coughing. Some of the cows had abortions.
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IBR
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Where are you most likely going to see IBR
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Where cattle are concentrated
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T/F: herpesvirus in sheep and goats is serologically the same as cattle
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False
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What role does BVD play in respiratory disease?
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immunosuppression
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T/F: Signs for RSV are specific
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No-general "respiratory signs" (fever, depression, reduced appetite, increased RR, hypersalivation, nasal/lacrinal discharge)
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What is the antibody prevalence to RSV
What is the case fatality rate? |
60-80%
0-20% (low case fatality) |
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T/F: PI3 is a mild respiratory pathogen and really just predisposes cows to other infections with viruses and bacteria
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True
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See text for MCF, coronaviruses, bovine herpes virus type 4, adenovirus, rhinovius, reovirus, enterovirus (pg 78-79)
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None have emerged as extremely important
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What is the most common bacteria associated with respiratory disease?
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Mannheimia (Pasturella) haemolytica (serotype A1)
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What agents are often considered mild respiratory pathogen (isolated with other pathogens in pneumonia) that can cause immunosuppression and inhibit the mucociliary transport
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Mycoplasmal agents
M. bovis is the most common |
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What type of pattern will you see on necropsy of a cow with Mannheimia haemolytica (BRDC)?
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Fibrinopurulent bronchopneuminia (cranioventral)
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What type of toxin is associated with M. haemolytica (BRDC)?
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LPS endotoxin
also leukotoxin |
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How might you treat BRDC?
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lower risk factors
mass medication metaphylaxis(high risk calves) Treat long enough and with the right drug and evaluate response |
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What NSAID can be used for BRD?
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Flunixin
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What is the most important management practice to prevent and control feedlot calf pneumonia?
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Preconditioning:
Assure that at least 3 wks before shipping the calves are weaned, fed in bunks, drink from tanks, castrated/dehorned, treated for parasites, and vaccinated Once there: avoid auction yards, minimize transport time, limit mixing, appropriate numbers per pen, control dust and maintain adequate nutrition |
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For what respiratory conditions are vaccines available
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PI3
BHV1 BVD BRSV |
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What can be the result of aspiration pneumonia?
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Death
Gangrenous bronchopneumonia |
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What is CBPP (Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia) caused by?
What is the cause of CCPP (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia)? Will you see it in the US? |
CBPP: Fatal bronchopneumonia due to M. mycoides subsp mycoides (small colony type)
CCPP: Mycoplasma F38 Hopefully not! Eradicated in US in 1892 |
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Mycoplasma pneumonia of goats causes septicemia, polyarthritis, pneumonia and mastitis in kids and does. How is it passed and how would you control it?
What is the organism that causes it? |
Passed via milk/colostrum from infected does
Control via Milk Culture, Cull carriers, Milk hygiene Caused by large cology type M. mycoides subsp. mycoides |
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What is the primary cause of vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia?
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Liver abscesses associated with rumenitis (lactic acidosis produce rumenitis)
Other causes: jugular phlebitis, mastitis, metritis, etc |
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What is the pathology of metastatic pneumonia
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Lactic acidoisis produced rumenitis.
Bacteria invade damaged rumed epith and produce liver abcesses. Septic thrombi may from in vena cava and then reach the lungs Emboli block arteries Aneurysm may develop |
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Fog fever
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ABPEE (Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema) which is an ARDS of adult cattle moved from dry/poor forage to vibrant green pastures
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4 groups of interstitial pneumonia or "atypical" pneumonia
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ARDS
Hypersensitivity disease Chronic conditions (sequelae to the first two) Parasitic diseases |
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ABPEE (Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema) prevention?
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Move cattle gradually to lush pastures
Delay use of lush pasture until frost Cut pasture before grazing Graze with adults AFTER young Use pasture before lush Strip grazing |
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ABPEE (Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema) prophylactic medication
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Monensin or Lasalocid reduces conversion of tryptophan
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What is the cause of moldy sweet potato toxicity (4-Iponmeanol)?
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Ingestion of furanoterpenoid toxin of sweet potatoes infested with Fusarium solani
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What is a respiratory parasite that primarily infects young cattle and what type of life cycle does it have?
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Dictylocaulus viviparus
Direct lifecycle |
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How do you detect Dictylocaulus viviparus? How would you treat it?
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Baermann sedimentation
Tx: Levamisol, Fenbendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin (plus some other anthelmintics) |
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Case: Ewes with progressive emaciation and progressive respiratory failure. They have lymphocytic mastitis ("hard bag") and some have posterior paresis. Others have chronic nonsupurative arthritis and others still have vasculitis.
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Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (Maedi-Visna)
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What is the major route of transmission for Maedi-Visna?
What is the treatment? |
nose to nose or droplet transmission
No treatment-Control by test-and-cull and isolate infected adults/artificial rearing of offspring |
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What is the most common congenital heart defect in ruminants?
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Ventricular Septal Defects
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T/F: Loudness of the murmur is correlated with size of the defect with a VSD
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False
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What type of murmur will you hear with a VSD and what is the location?
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Systolic at left heart base
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What two forms of lymphosarcoma can cause signs of heart failure?
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Enzootic LSA (tumor invades myocardium)
Thymic LSA (enlarged thymus creates signs of heart failure) |
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What is a classic example of cor pulmonale?
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High Altitude Disease (RSHF due to pulmonary hypertension)
occurs mostly in calves |
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What is the pathology of High Altitude Disease?
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breathe low O2 concentration --> chronic alveolar hypoxia --> pulmonary hypertension --> R ventricular hypertrophy --> RSHF
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What are three things that predispose one to High Altitude Disease
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It is winter
Patient is a male Patient ate Locoweed |
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What two valves are most commonly affected with Endocarditis?
What is the most common bacteria isolate? |
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonic valve (usually follows chronic inflamm. disease) A. pyogenes |
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Case: Cow with loud systolic murmur, intermittent fever, and persistent tachycardia. CBC = mature neutrophilia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Endocarditis
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Case: Cow with decrease milk production and appetite. Her elbows are abducted and she has an expiratory grunt. Signs of heart failure are present (distended jugular pulse, brisket edema, etc). On auscultation, the heart sounds appear muffled. CBC shows a mature neutrophilia. What is your number one differential?
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Traumatic reticulopericarditis
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Where would you perform a pericardicentesis?
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Between 5th and 6th ICS at the level of the costochondral junction
if pericarditis = high SG/protein/neuts |
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What are the most common arrhythmias in ruminants?
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APCs and AFib
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What is AFib commonly associated with?
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GI problems that increase vagal tone, cause low K/Ca, and metabolic alkalosis
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Cow that has irregularly irregular rhythm
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AFib
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What are VPCS commonly associated with?
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Hypokalemia
Increased sympathetic tone |
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T/F: You don't need to worry about heart problems when treating milk fever
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FALSE - hypercalcemia can cause bradycardia --> AV block -->sinus arrest --> ectopic beats --> death
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What is a reason you would see an arrhythmia when you have a calf with diarrhea?
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Hyperkalemia
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T/F: Japanese Yew is a yummy plant that you should feed your cows in the spring
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False...Dr. Dorman would be sad if you got this wrong
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A selenium deficiency can cause what cardiac problem
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White muscle disease
(low Se leads to increased free radicals and oxidative damage) |
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Gossypol exists in two forms - free and bound. Which one is toxic?
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The free form
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What two clinical syndromes will you see with a Gossypol toxicity?
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1. Depresssion, anorexia, dyspnea, and death
2. Acute death without CS |
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T/F: Ionophores are quite unpalatable so it is rare to see cardiotoxicity
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True
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What is the most common cause of myocarditis?
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Secondary to Histophilus somnus
See depression and anorexia early followed by CV signs |
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What is an infectious, noncontagious, arthropod-borne hemoparasitic disease of ruminants?
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Anaplasmosis
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Why does anaplasmosis cause economic losses?
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death
abortion weight loss increased veterinary costs |
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T/F: Anaplasmosis can be transmitted via tick, biting flies, and even blood contaminated fomites like dirty syringes
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True
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Which tick is responsible for anaplasmosis?
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Demacentor (andersoni or occidentalis)
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What are the four stages of Anaplasmosis?
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Incubation
Developmental Convalescent Carrier |
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describe the pathology of anaplasmosis
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anaplasma infects mature RBC --> binary fission = initial bodies --> excyst from RBC to infect other cells -->parasitized RBCs phagocytized (EV hemolysis) = release acute phase reactants (fever)
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T/F: Severity of anaplasmosis increases with age
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True
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Treatment for anaplasmosis?
Can cattle become immune? |
Oxytetracycline
Yes |
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Describe an effective control program for anaplasmosis
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1. Test and remove carriers
2. Test and clear carriers (abx instead of cull) 3. Oxytet during vector season 4. Oral abx 5. Vaccination |
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T/F: Babesia can be transmitted via ticks and mechanical vectors
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False-ONLY ticks
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T/F: Babesia causes extravascular hemolysis
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FALSE- Anaplasmosis causes extravascular hemolysis but Babesia causes IV hemolysis
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What was responsible for the elimination of Babesia from the US?
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Eradication of Boophilus tick
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What are the two most important species of Lepto in cattle?
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L. borgpetersenii serovar hardjo
L. interrogans serovar pomona |
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T/F: An incidental host infection of Lepto is characterized by low susceptibility for infection but high pathogenicity for the host
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True
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How can one get Lepto
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contact with infected urine or body fluids
invade through mucous membranes and skin lesions |
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What is the most common and economically important form of Lepto seen in cattle?
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Chronic form
CS: renal disease, abortions, infertility, and stillbirths |
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Diagnosis of Lepto
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Dark-field microscopy urine
Immunofluorescence Culture PCR assays Histopath Serology (ELISA) |
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What is the hallmark treatment for Lepto?
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Tetracycline for 3-5d
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Case: Sheep farm that has seen an acute, highly fatal, hemolytic crisis. Sheep have severe gastroenteritis accompanied by abdominal pain and severe diarrhea. Feces are blue and green. What is the likely cause?
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Acute Copper toxicity
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What is the most common form of copper toxicity in sheep
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Chronic form
Normally from excess Cu or low Mo and/or sulfur |
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What is the pathophysiology of copper toxicity?
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Excess Cu stored in liver --> eventually sudden release Cu = acute hemolytic crisis (precipitated by stressful event) -->can also cause methemaglobin and Heinz body formation -->hemoglobinuria + methemaglobinuria -->renal tubular nephrosis and renal failure
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Case: Cattle have hemoglobinuria, salivation and CNS signs. At necrospy you see cerebral edema, red urine in bladder, and renal cortical necrosis
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Water intoxication
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What is postparturitent hemoglobinuria related to?
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dietary phosphorus deficiency
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Case: You have some cattle that presented with hemoglobinuria, anorexia, weakness, tachycardia, and dyspnea. They gave birth a little while ago and you just learned that they have a diet low in P
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postparturitent hemoglobinuria
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Case: Dead cows with tarry blood coming from all orifices. Should you investigate further?
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NO! Suspect anthrax
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How is anthrax infection normally contracted?
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Ingestion of contaminated feed
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