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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common area of the leg affected in ruminants that are lame?
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rear foot: lateral claw
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sole ulcers
a. epidemiology b. lesion c. contributing factors |
a. dairy cattle during 1st 60 d. of lactation
b. aseptic necrosis of horn w/ granulation tissue production c. d/t inc. focal pressure on that area of foot claw length: lateral longer claw concavity: lateral less concave wt. bearing: lateral bears greater % of body wt. enivornment: lots of time of concrete |
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sole ulcers
a. tx b. prevention |
a. decrease pressure on corium by either:
-corrective foot trimming: shorten toes, ↑ sole concavity OR -apply block to unaffected claw must also debride exuberant granulation tissue b. corrective foot trimming: decrease lateral claw toe length, make lateral rear claw concave decrease time spent standing |
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Lameness is major economic loss in cattle, esp. (dairy/beef).
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dairy
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During what time of year is hoof trimming most commonly done?
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at dry off
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laminitis
a. signs of subclinical b. signs of chronic c. tx |
a. yellow waxy discoloration of solar horn
sole hemorrhages chalkiness & widening of sole-wall junction low ruminal pH may ↓ rumen production of biotin -subclinical acidosis = subclinical laminitis b. parallel ridges in hoof wall, claws long & misshapen single episode: "hardship groove" on dorsal hoof c. foot trimming add biotin to diet to control subclinical rumen acidosis |
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subsolar (toe) abscess
a. cause b. predisposing factors c. pathogenesis d. tx |
a. solar penetration
b. softened hoof (moisture, laminitis), excessively worn soles, FBs c. localized pressure in area --> focal necrosis --> abscess --> pain d/t accumulation of pus d. open abscess w/ foot knife --> decreased pain |
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pedal bone (P3) fracture
a. causes b. signs c. tx |
a. trauma or herd outbreak d/t fluorosis
b. non wt. bearing lame, positive on hoof testers c. -wooden block on unaffected claw -stabilize digit > 8 wks |
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corns (hyperplasia interdigitalis, interdigital fibroma)
a. epidemiology b. cause c. tx |
a. heavy older cattle, esp. bulls
b. chronic irritation b'twn claws c. if lame: surgical excision of lesion if not lame: none |
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vertical wall cracks
a. claws most affected b. assoc. w/ c. become lame when... d. tx |
a. front
b. hard dry horn c. crack extends to coronary band or pinches corium or underlying corium becomes infected d. foot trimming w/ Dremel hoof acrylic to repair extensive cracks |
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horizontal wall cracks
a. common location b. etiology c. lameness occurs when... d. tx |
a. near toe
b. traumatic, infectious, or metabolic/nutritional (transient disturbance of horn production) c. cracked hoof wall pinches corium d. remove crack (Dremel), can use hoof acrylic |
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overgrown hooves
a. epidemiology b. cause c. appearance of claws |
a. cattle housed on concrete
b. abnormal wear c. rocker or slipper shape |
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scissor claws
a. causes b. appearance of claws |
a. subclinical laminitis, chronic laminitis, overgrown hooves, probably a genetic component
b. toes extremely long & overlap |
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digital dermatitis ("hairy heel warts")
a. epidemiology b. etiology c. risk factors d. signs |
a. dairy: 1st calf heifer & young cows
b. spirochete bacteria (Treponema?) c. large herd, purchased cows, grooved concrete floor, high moisture, shared hoof trimming equipment (not disinfected) d. lesion usually on plantar area of rear feet: erosive or ulcerative or proliferative (wart-like) very painful |
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digital dermatitis ("hairy heel warts")
a. tx b. control |
a. topical oxytetracycline
tetracycline spray: easier in outbreak (rise feet 1st), must totally cover lesion b. oxytetracycline: most effective prevent cattle from standing in moisture, disinfect foot trimming equipment, individual spraying of hind feet in parlor NOT foot baths |
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foot rot (infectious pododermatitis): cattle
a. epidemiology b. etiology c. pathogenesis |
a. beef, esp. yearlings
b. anaerobic G (-) bacteria: Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus, etc. c. bacteria invade thru damaged skin --> necrotizing, deep invasive infection |
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foot rot (infectious pododermatitis): cattle
a. signs b. tx |
a. proliferative necrotic interdigital tissue
mild lameness +/- swelling sebaceous exudate b'twn bulbs of heel foul odor, painful to touch b. parenteral ABs: oxytet, ceftiofur, etc. often disappears in summer when on pasture & feet dry out |
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foot rot (infectious pododermatitis): sheep
a. etiology b. transmission c. pathogenesis |
a. Dichelobacter nodosus
b. spread by a carrier animal that discharges bacteria into ground (other sheep walk over infected soil) warm wet pastures ideal for transmission c. virulent bacterial strains produce protease that dissolves horn & causes separation of hard horn of claw from germinal layer |
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foot rot (infectious pododermatitis): sheep
a. signs b. tx |
a. rapid onset of lameness in multiple sheep
kneel to graze b. parenteral ABs: oxytetracycline or erythromycin vaccination: can use to tx or control (↑ short-term resistance & shortens clinical dz) |
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septic arthritis of distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint
a. pathogenesis b. signs c. dx |
a. extension of adjacent cellulitis
other sites may be concurrently infected b. non wt. bearing, swollen claw & interdigital area, **draining abscess on lateral coronary band** c. signs highly suggested explore draining tract rads NO ARTHROCENTESIS |
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What are tx options for septic arthritis of distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint & advantages & disadvantages of each?
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IV regional limb anesthesia for either
digit amputation (+): faster recovery, removes all infected tissue (-): ↓ herd retention time (< 1 yr) d/t breakdown on other claw, appearance digit salvage goal: establish chronic effective drainage (+): ↑ herd retention time (> 1 yr) (-): slower recovery, delayed removal of infected tissue, expensive, labor intensive |
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septic tenosynovitis
a. tendon affected b. pathogenesis c. signs d. tx |
a. deep digital flexor tendon
b. extension of adjacent cellulitis other sites may be concurrently infected c. swollen foot, tipped claw d. difficult: establish chronic effective drainage |
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OCD
a. epidemiology b. predilection sites c. signs |
a. 1-3 yo rapidly growing bulls
b. stifle, hock, shoulder c. lameness, joint effusion |
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coxofemoral luxation
a. epidemiology b. causes c. signs d. tx |
a. dairy cattle
b. usually traumatic: post-partum c. cow unable to stand d. non-surgical reduction possible but difficult |
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hock hygroma
a. cause b. tx |
a. repeated trauma (short stalls, etc.)
b. NOT recommended: don't try to drain! salvage when cow becomes lame (d/t infection) |
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gastrocnemius rupture
a. epidemiology b. signs c. tx d. px |
a. overweight cows at calving (uncommon)
b. flexed hock w/ major decrease in wt. bearing c. +/- Thomas splint d. poor w/ complete rupture |
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metacarpal/metatarsal fractures
a. common cause b. tx |
a. improper placement of calving chains on limbs (relatively common): poor px
b. cast (6 wks) |
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radial/ulnar fractures
a. epidemiology b. tx |
a. younger animals
b. slaughter or euthanasia +/- internal fix on small valuable animals |
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tibial fractures
a. tx b. px |
a. thomas splint & cast
b. fair to good |
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femoral fractures
a. common cause b. tx |
a. forced extraction of calves
b. valuable calves: internal fix adults: place in box stall for 3 mo. (some will heal) |
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contracted tendons
a. tx for mild cases b. tx for moderate to severe cases |
a. none: calves probably will grow out of problem
b. splint/cast surgical transection of flexor tendons in valuable calves |
