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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gametes
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Haploid sex cells - in females the ovum, in males the sperm
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Gonad
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Site of gamete production - ovary in female and testes in male
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Testis determining factor
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Protein encoded by the SRY gene on the Y-chromosome that mediates gene expression and testes differentiation
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Primordial follicle
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A single oocyte from the primordial germ cell and a single layer of follicular/granulosa cells from the mesothelium, which surrounds the oocyte
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Uterus bicornis
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Uterus has 2 horns entering a common vagina
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Hypospadias
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In male, fusion of urethral folds is incomplete and subsequent abnormal opening of the urethral along the dorsal aspect of the penis
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Spermiogenesis
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The final stage of spermatogenesis, where spermatids are matured into mature, motile spermatozoa
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Spermatic wave
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Used to describe the appearance of the seminiferous tubule, where all stages in spermatogenesis are occuring at once in different parts
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Spincter urethrae
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Sphincter controlling urination, a musucle found within the urogenital membrane
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Bartholin's gland
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Greater vestibular gland, found within the vestibule inferior to the bulb of the vestibule and open on either side of the vagina. Secrete mucous into the vestibule during sexual arousal
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Vestibule
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Space between the labia minora containing the urethra, vagina, and Bartholin's glands
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Bulb of the vestibule
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Homolog of the bulb of the penis, containing erectile tissue
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Broad ligament
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Wide fold of peritoneum that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis
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Vaginal fornix
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Recess around the cervix with anterior, posterior and lateral parts. Posterior fornix closely related to rectouterine pouch
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Pouch of Douglas
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Rectouterine pouch
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Perineal body
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Central tendon which is a condensation of connective tissue containing fibres from levator ani and the urogenital membrane . Reinforces the area between the vagina and rectum and central fulcrum for pelvic support
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Procidentia
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Complete prolapse so that bladder and uterus completely external
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Varicocoele
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Pampiniform plexus becomes varicose
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Hydrocoele
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Fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis - may be caused by infection, testicular torsion, patent processus vaginalis, trauma or tumour
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Orchitis
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Inflammation of the testes - may result in impaired spermatogenesis
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Phimosis
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Prepuce cannot easily be retracted over the glans penis - may block the uretha
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Paraphimosis
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Retraction of the prepuce results in such constriction of the neck of the glans that draining of blood and lymph is affected
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Cryptorchid testis
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Maldescending testis - spermatogenesis is impaired because of the elevated temperature
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
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Prostate gland enlarges in old age - sex hormone dependent and results in urinary retension and bladder irritation
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Fibroadenoma
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Mobile mouse - benign, solid, well-defined hard lump which flees and moves under the fingers on palpation. Arise from fibrous/stromal and glandular tissue
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Lipoma
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Benign fatty-tissue tumour found around the body, especially the breast
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Fat necrosis
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Seen in the breast following trauma - hollows in the fat cause a non-spherical appearance of breast
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Peau d'Orange
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Dimpling of the breast from subcutaneous oedema due to lymphatic blockage
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Puberty
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A series of psychological, physical and endocrine changes resulting in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and fertility
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Menstrual cycle
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Cyclical thickness of the endometrium and ovarian hormone secretion
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Ovarian cycle
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Events in the ovary and the cycle of gonadotropic hormones
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Menarche
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Beginning of menstrual cycle
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Menopause
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End of menstrual cycles
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HRT
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The replacement of oestrogens via tablet, implant or skin patch
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Primary amenorrhoea
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Never had menses by age of 16
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Secondary amenorrhoea
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Had no menses for 6 months or more
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Haematometra
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Back-up of blood into uterus
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Imperforate hymen
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Lack of patent outflow tract by commencement of menses, producing a tense, bulging hymen and haematometra
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Asherman's syndrome
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An unresponsive endometrium to the HPA-axis due to dilation and curettage
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Menorrhagia
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Heavy, regular bleed
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Metrorrhagia
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Heavy, irregular bleeds
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IMB
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Inter-menstrual bleeding
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Polymenorrhea
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Frequent bleeds
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Oligomenorrhea
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Infrequent bleeds
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Molar pregnancy
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Abnormality in trophoblast where only it proliferates with no foetal development, often causing bleeding complications
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Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
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Abnormal bleeding that is usually worse at the extremes of reproductive life. May be ovulatory or anovulatory and may present with oligomenorrhea or menorrhagia
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Dysmenorrhoea
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Painful periods
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Endometriosis
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Aberrant endometrial glands and stroma, causing dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and irregular menses
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Endometrioma
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Endometrial tissue embedded in the ovarian follicle, producing a 'chocolate cyst' that grows larger each month, and causes blue deposits as macrophages digest the blood
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Infertility
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No successful pregnancies after at least 2 years of trying
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IVF
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In vitro fertilisation - designed to bring gametes together more reliably rather than to fix the cause of the infertility
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Azoospermia
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No sperm
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Oligospermia
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Few sperm - <20million/ml
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Asthenozoospermia
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Poorly motile sperm
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Teratozoospermia
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Abnormal sperm morphologically
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Necrozoospermia
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Non-viable sperm
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ICSI
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection - injection of one immobilised sperm into an egg. Fertilization and pregnancy rates similar to IVF with normal sperm
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Placenta praevia
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Placenta wholly or partially situated in lower uterine segment. 1 in 200 continue in this position to term as uteruss grows upwards. May form percreta by invading through uterine wall into bladder
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Placental abruption
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Bleeding from a normally positioned placenta - may be revealed or concealed
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Pre-eclampsia
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Intrinsic disease of pregnancy related to hypertension and causing numerous systemic effects, including hypertension, oedema and proteinuria, that can result in eclampsia and deth
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Rhesus disease
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If a mother is Rh positive and child is Rh negative birth or trauma may cause these bloods to mix and cause the mother to mount an immune response against foetal RBCs, causing anaemia, cardiac failure, foetal bone marrow failure etc
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Chorionic villus
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Branching projections from the blastocyst into the syncytiotrophoblast and functioning endometrium to increase the surface area in contact with maternal blood
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Cotyledons
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2+ placental villi, their branches and fibrovascular meshwork that supports these structures
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Reiters syndrome
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Infective systemic condition, associated with chlamydia in males that typically manifests with urethrtis, conjunctivitis and arthritis
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Induction of labour
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Intervention designed to articificially initiate uterine contractions leading to progressive dilatation and effacement of the cervix and the birth of the baby
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
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Clinical syndrome in females, unrelated to pregnancy or surgery, whereby organisms ascend from the cervix, via the uterus, to the uterine tubes and contiguous pelvic structures to produce inflammatory conditions
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Papillomatosis
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Small benign nodules that grow directly beneath the nipple and frequently cause bloody discharge
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Fibrocystic breast disease
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Benign breast disease, more common between 30-50 years due to a relative imbalance between oestrogen and progesterone
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Sentinal lymph node
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The first node in a tumour drainage pathway
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