Rrd 1 Basic Patho

Front 1

Physiology

Back 1

Study of functions and processes that occur in the body, mostly NORMAL processes

Front 2

Pathophysiology

Back 2

Study of the underlying changes in body physiology that result from disease or injury

Front 3

Amenorrhea

Back 3

Menstrual flow ceases

Hint 3

Physiologic Amenorrhea: Menstrual flow ceases because of menopause, pregnancy, etc
Pathophysiologic Amenorrhea: Amenorrhea because of cancer, etc

Front 4

"pathos"

Back 4

-suffering
(latin root)

Front 5

Homeostasis

Back 5

Maintenance of constant conditions in the body's internal environment

Front 6

Cells require...

Back 6

Constant supply of:
1. nutrients
2. H2O
3. O2
& a Narrow Range of:
4. pH
5. Temperature

Front 7

Stressors

Back 7

Changes or "Challenges" to the body's balance or "homeostasis"

Front 8

Compensation

Back 8

Return to homeostasis after being challenged by a stressor.
Also called "adaptation" or "healing"

Hint 8

Achieved through "Control Mechanisms."

Front 9

Compensatory Mechanisms

Back 9

"Control Mechanisms" that achieve compensation.

Front 10

Glycogenolysis

Back 10

Breakdown of glycogen (a form of stored glucose)

Hint 10

An example of a compensatory "response" to daily-life

Front 11

Compensatory Response to pathologic stressors such as Massive Blood Loss or Dehydration

Back 11

~HR Increases- blood moves faster to compensate for loss in volume
~Peripheral Arteries Constrict- blood is shunted to central areas (vital organs)

Hint 11

Remaining fluid volume is circulated as effectively as possible, a temporary crisis measure.

Front 12

Compensatory Mechanism of..
Too Much CO2 in Body

Back 12

Control Mechanisms in the brain's respiratory centers Increase RR--> CO2 exhalation is increased

Front 13

Compensatory Mechanism of..
Too much blood volume/
Too high pressure in arteries

Back 13

~Heart pumps w/ more force- pushes blood through arteries
~ Heart Muscle Hypertrophy- "shore up" muscle, compensates for extra stress

Front 14

Checks and Balances

Back 14

~Control Mechanism of bleeding- Clotting
~Control Mechanism of Clotting- Fibrinolytic System

Hint 14

Fibrinolytic System- dismantles a clot, the "check" to the clotting process

Front 15

Decompensation

Back 15

~"Failure to compensate, adapt, heal"
~Body can't meet the challenge of stressors

Hint 15

Compensation deteriorates rapidly or slowly

Front 16

Disease

Back 16

A harmful "condition" of the body (and/or mind)

Hint 16

"dz."

Front 17

Disorder

Back 17

A "disturbance" in the healthiness of the body

Front 18

Syndrome

Back 18

A "collection" of symptoms

Front 19

Risk Factors

Back 19

~Factors that contribute to and/or increase the probability of a dz occuring
~"Setting the Stage"
~"Predisposing Factors"

Hint 19

Ex, heredity, age, ethnicity, environment, lifestyle (smoking, diet),
(Not=Cause of Dz)

Front 20

Precipitating Factor

Back 20

~A condition or event that "triggers" a pathologic event or disorder
~the "Kick-Off"

Hint 20

Ex, an asthma attack can be precipitated by exertion
(Not=Cause of Dz)

Front 21

Etiology

Back 21

the Cause of a disease

Hint 21

Ex, Etiology of AIDS=HIV;
Etiology of Rheumatic Heart Disease=Autoimmune Disease; Etiology of TB=mycobacterium

Front 22

Idiopathic

Back 22

"An idiopathic disease"-- dz with an Unidentifiable Cause

Front 23

Iatrogenic

Back 23

"An iatrogenic problem"-- occurs as a result of medical treatment

Hint 23

Ex, If kidney failure is due to improper use of antibiotics, then "the etiology of kidney failure was iatrogenic."

Front 24

Nosocomial

Back 24

"A nosocomial problem"-- results as a consequence of being in a hospital environment

Front 25

Clinical Manifestations

Back 25

the demonstration of the presence of a sign &/or symptom of a dz

Hint 25

(S&S)-- Signs & Symptoms

Front 26

Signs

Back 26

Manifestations that can be "objectively" identified by a trained observer.

Front 27

Symptoms

Back 27

"Subjective" manifestations that can only be reported by the person experiencing them,

Hint 27

Ex, Pain, nausea, fatigue

Front 28

Local S&S

Back 28

localized to a particular area

Hint 28

Ex, redness, swelling, heat, rash, and lymphadenopathy

Front 29

Systemic S&S

Back 29

S&S are spread throughout system

Hint 29

Ex, fever, urticaria, malaise

Front 30

Urticaria

Back 30

Hives

Front 31

Lymphadenopathy

Back 31

Swelling of the lymph nodes

Front 32

Acute S&S

Back 32

~Fairly rapid appearance of S&S (over a day or several days), usually lasts only a short time
~Increase in severity, increased "acuity"

Front 33

Chronic S&S

Back 33

~Develop more slowly, S&S are insidious, last longer, and wax/wane over months/years

Hint 33

May have a pattern of Remission and Exacerbation

Front 34

Remissions

Back 34

Periods when chronic S&S disappear or dimish significantly; "Wane"

Front 35

Exacerbations

Back 35

Periods when chronic S&S become more severe or worsen; "Wax"

Hint 35

"Exacerbate": to provoke, make worse

Front 36

Central

Back 36

~Problems/situations ocurring towards the center or "core" of the body
~Also refers to essential organ systems

Front 37

Proximal

Back 37

The more central an issue is, the more "proximal" to the core it is.

Front 38

Peripheral

Back 38

Areas away from the core.

Front 39

Distal

Back 39

The more peripheral an issue is, or further away from the core, the more "distal" it is.

Front 40

Shock

Back 40

~Low BP
~Vessels of periphery constrict--> Blood is shunted to central areas-->S&S of not getting enough blood to various areas

Hint 40

~Confusion- from not getting enough blood to brain
~Cool, pale extremities- not getting enough blood to periphery

Front 41

Prognosis

Back 41

Predicted outcome of a dz based on certain factors:
~The usual course of the dz
~Person's individual characteristics (ex, age, comorbidities)

Front 42

Comorbidities

Back 42

~Two or more coexsisting medical conditions
~Increases the chance of a poor prognosis

Front 43

Sequela

Back 43

Aftermath of a disease
~any abnormal condition that follows and is a result of disease, injury, or treatment-- "complications"
~Rarely, a sequela is a positive "outcome," though usually the term is used for negative situations

Hint 43

~Plural: "Sequelae"
~Severity of sequelae varies

Front 44

Diagnosis

Back 44

The naming or id of a dz.

Front 45

Prognosis

Back 45

The expected outcome of a dz.

Front 46

Complication

Back 46

The onset of a dz in a person who is already coping w/ another existing dz.

Front 47

Prodromal Period

Back 47

Period of a dz during which a person experiences vague symptoms such as fatigue or loss of appetite before the onset of specific S&S.

Hint 47

Includes insidious symptoms.

Front 48

Insidious Symptoms

Back 48

Vague, Nonspecific feelings and An Awareness that there is a change w/in the body.

Front 49

Latent Period

Back 49

Period of a dz during which no symptoms are readily apparent in the affected person, but the dz is nevertheless present in the body.

Front 50

Epidemiology

Back 50

The study of tracking patterns of dz occurrence/transmission among populations and by geographic areas.

Front 51

Incidence

Back 51

The number of new cases occurring in a specific period.

Front 52

Prevalence

Back 52

The number of existing cases w/in a population during a specific time.

Front 53

"Guarded"

Back 53

"Poorer"
A poorer prognosis= A more "Guarded" prognosis

Front 54

Sputum

Back 54

Secretions from deep in the lungs.

Front 55

Diaphoresis

Back 55

Sweating

Hint 55

Ex, Heavy Sweating=Profuse Diaphoresis

Front 56

ECG

Back 56

"EKG" or Electrocardiogram