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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From where does the thyroid diverticulum arise?
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From the floor of the primitive pharynx and descends into the neck.
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Most common ectopic thyroid tissue site
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Tongue
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Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
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Anterior midline mass that moves with swallowing
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Fetal Adrenal Gland
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There is an outer adult zone and inner active fetal zone. The adult zone is dormant during early fetal life and will secrete cortisol late into gestation. Cortisol secretion is controlled by ACTH and CRH from the fetal pituitary and placenta.
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In the fetus, what is cortisol responsible for?
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Fetal lung maturation and surfactant production.
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The Renin-Angiotensin System controls which portion of the adrenal cortex?
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Zona Glomerulosa and results in the production of ACTH
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ACTH, Hypothalmic CRH control which portion of the adrenal cortex?
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Zona Fasciculata and Cortisol and Sex hormones are the products.
Also, Zona Reticularis for the sex hormones. |
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Preganglionic Sympathetic Fibers control which part of the adrenals?
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The Medulla resulting in the production of catecholamines.
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Pheochromocytoma
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The most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults. Results is the secretion of catecholamines (NE and E). It causes episodic hypertension (neuroblastoma does not).
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Neuroblastoma
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Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children.
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How is the left adrenal drained?
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Left Adrenal --> left adrenal vein --> left renal vein --> IVC
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How is the right adrenal drained?
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Right Adrenal --> Right Adrenal Vein --> IVC
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Posterior Pituitary
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Secretes vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin. These are made in the hypothalamus and shipped to the posterior pituitary via neurophysins (carrier protein). It is derived from the neuroectoderm.
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Anterior Pituitary
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Secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH, Melanotropin. It is derived from oral ectoderm (Rathke's pouch).
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Alpha Subunit of the Anterior Pituitary
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Hormone subunit common to TSH, LH, FSH, and hCG.
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Beta Subunit of the Anterior Pituitary
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Determines hormone specificity
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Acidophilic hormones are
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GH and Prolactin
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Basophilic hormones are
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FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH
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Islets of Langerhans
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Collections of alpha, beta, and delta endocrine cells. Islets arise from pancreatic buds.
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alpha cells of Islets
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Glucagon
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beta cells of islets
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Insulin
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delta cells of islets
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Somatostatin
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Insulin
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Moves glucose into cells. Does not cross the placenta.
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What does the ATP generated by glucose metabolism do?
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It closes the K+ channels and depolarizes the beta cell membrane resulting in the opening of calcium channels.
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What do the opening of calcium channels stimulate?
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Insulin Secretion
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What are the insulin-independent glucose uptakers?
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BRICK-L :: Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver
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What is the function of GLUT-1?
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It is an insulin-dependent channel. Allows for glucose to flow into RBCs and brain.
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What is the function of GLUT-2?
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It is bidirectional. Beta islet cells, liver, kidney, and small intestine.
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What is the function of GLUT-4?
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Insulin Dependent. Adipose tissue and Skeletal Muscle.
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What are the anabolic effects of insulin?
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- Increase in glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose
- Increased glycogen synthesis and storage - Increase triglyceride synthesis and storage - Increased sodium retention (kidneys) - Increased protein synthesis (muscles) - Increased cellular uptake of K+ and amino acids - Decreased glucagon release |
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What causes an increase in insulin release?
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Hyperglycemia, GH, and Beta-2 antagonists
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What causes a decrease in insulin release?
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Hypoglycemia, Somatostatin, and alpha-2 agonists
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