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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What three things influence ventilatory control?
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Cerebral input, mechanical receptors, and chemoreceptors
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Cerebral input, mechanical receptors, and chemoreceptors all channel ventilation control to what part of the brain?
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Brain Stem Respiratory Centers
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What are the two carotid body chemoreceptors?
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PO2 and PCO2
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Changes in the PO2 and PCO2 are sent to what part of the brain?
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Medullary centers
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PAO2 below 60mm/Hg does what? Below 30-40mm/Hg?
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increases ventilation.
may supress respiratory drive |
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Increased CO2 does what?
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Stimulates respiratory center and increases ventilation
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Hypoxemia
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Low blood oxygen
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Hypercapnia
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High CO2 levels (end tidal increase of 15mm/Hg or more)
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Basal metabolic rate does what during sleep? What does it affect?
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Decreases.
It decreases minute ventilation. |
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Where are respiratory centers located?
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pons and medulla
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What controls inspiratory volume and respiratory rate?
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pneumotaxic center
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What controls voluntary control of ventilation?
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Cerebral cortex
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Cheyne stokes is most prevalent in what two conditions?
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CHF and central nervous disease
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What three ways can UAR be measured?
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1.Pressure transducers
2.Respiratory muscle activity 3.esophageal balloon manometry |
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Obesity hypoventilation syndrome would show:
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An increased respiratory rate and profound desaturations in REM, abd/thor in sync
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Negative deflections in Pes monitoring indicates?
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Obstruction (increased intrathoracic pressure)
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What device provides a direct measure of airflow?
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Pneumotach
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When do most arousals occur during an obstructive event?
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Just before breathing resumes
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Ventilation invloves three different pressures:
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atmospheric, intraalveolar, and intrapleural.
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Forced vital capacity
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maximum forced air out of lungs
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Tidal volume
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air in or out during normal respiration
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Residual volume
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air left in lungs after maximum exhale
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Expiratory reserve volume
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Additional air that can be breathed out after a normal exhale.
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Additional air that can be breathed in after a normal inhale.
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Functional residual capacity
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air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out
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Inspiratory capacity
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volume that can be inhaled after a tidal breath out
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Anatomical dead space of lungs
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Volume of the conducting airways
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Physiologic dead volume
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anatomic dead space plus alveolar dead space
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A person at sea level has a _____lung capacity compared to one from a high altitude
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smaller
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What is air like in high altitude
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Less dense so it takes more too fully oxygenate.
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Total lung capapcity
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IRV + TV + ERV + RV
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Vital capacity
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IRV + TV + ERV
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Restrictive diseases spirometry presentation
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decreased volumes, FEV1/FVC in normal range (.08-1)
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Obstructive diseases spirometry presentation
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Volumes are normal but flow rates are impeded. FEV1/FVC low
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What do obstructive diseases do?
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Cause a narrowing or bloackage or the airways, decreasing exhaled airflow.
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What do restrictive airway diseases do?
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loss of lung tissue, decrease the lungs ability to expand, decrease lungs ability to transfer oxygen.
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Obtructive lung disease examples:(3)
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COPD, emphysema, asthma
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Restrictivelung disease examples:(4)
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pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cancer, pneumonia
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What is the phrenic nerve?
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Carries signals from C3-5 to the diaphram, part of the pituary gland.
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A right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicates:
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decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (requiring a higher pressure to maintain same oxygen saturation)
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A left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicates:
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increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (making oxygen easier to pick up but harder to release)
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Typical norm of the oxygen dissociation curve
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P50= A SaO2 takes 26.6mm/Hg
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How is the oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the right?
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increase in temp, increase in PCO2, and a decrease in pH
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How is the oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the left?
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decrease in temp, decrease in PCO2, and a increase in pH
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Hyperthermia does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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rightward shift
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Carbon monoxide does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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shifts left
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Abnormal hemogobin does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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shifts left
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Fetal hemoglobin does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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shifts left (enchances placental uptake of oxygen)
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Obstructive diseases spirometry presentation
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Volumes are normal but flow rates are impeded. FEV1/FVC low
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What do obstructive diseases do?
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Cause a narrowing or bloackage or the airways, decreasing exhaled airflow.
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What do restrictive airway diseases do?
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loss of lung tissue, decrease the lungs ability to expand, decrease lungs ability to transfer oxygen.
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Obtructive lung disease examples:(3)
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COPD, emphysema, asthma
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Restrictivelung disease examples:(4)
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pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cancer, pneumonia
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What is the phrenic nerve?
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Carries signals from C3-5 to the diaphram, part of the pituary gland.
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A right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicates:
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decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (requiring a higher pressure to maintain same oxygen saturation)
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A left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicates:
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increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (making oxygen easier to pick up but harder to release)
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Typical norm of the oxygen dissociation curve
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P50= A SaO2 takes 26.6mm/Hg
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How is the oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the right?
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increase in temp, increase in PCO2, and a decrease in pH
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How is the oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the left?
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decrease in temp, decrease in PCO2, and a increase in pH
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Hyperthermia does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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rightward shift
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Carbon monoxide does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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shifts left
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Abnormal hemogobin does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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shifts left
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Fetal hemoglobin does what to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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shifts left (enchances placental uptake of oxygen)
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Lung Volume Diagram
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Lung Volume Diagram
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Normal PaO2
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75-100mm/Hg
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Normal PaCO2
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35-45mm/Hg
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Normal Ph
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7.35-7.45
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Normal SaO2
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94-100%
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Bicarbonate (HCO3)
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22-26mEq/liter
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Path of air:
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mouth--larynx--trachea--bronchi--broncus--bronchi--broncioles---alveoli
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Ideal gas law
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P V = n R T
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Inspiration process
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diaphram down, ribcage elevates, increased inthrathoracic volume, decreased inthrathoracic pressure...high pressure air into low pressure lungs
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Expiration process
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diaphram up, ribcage depresses, decreased inthrathoracic volume, increased inthrathoracic pressure...low pressure air out of high pressure lungs
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hemoglobin
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iron contained oxygen carrier
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Upper airways do what to inspired air?
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cleans, warms, and humidifies
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Upper airways do what to exspired air?
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a quarter of the heat is recaptured and moisture is recaptured
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How is air heated?
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takes heat and moisture from the mucosa lining of the respiratory tract
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How is heat and moisture recovered?
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Cooled mucosa from inspiration causes the exhaled air to evaporate
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What happens with excess moisture loss in the airway?
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Reduced patency and lung compliance, gel layer thicker and cilia less able to move
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orthopnea
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decreased lung compliance and vital capacity when laying down
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platypnea
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flat breathing
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dyspnea
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SOB
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