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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Forumla for RDI
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(apneas+hypopneas)/Total Sleep Time
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Forumla for PLMI
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# of PLMs/TST
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Forumla for AI (Arousal Index)
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# of arousals/TST
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What is WASO
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time spent awake after sleep onset
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Forumla for TRT (Total Record Time)
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lights on time - lights off time
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Forumla for TST (Total Sleep Time)
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TRT - TWT
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Forumla for SE (Sleep Efficiency)
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TST/TRT
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Calculate % of REM
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REM time/TST
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Define Sleep Latency
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Minutes from lights off to sleep onset
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Calculate Mean Sleep Latency
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add all latencies (20 min if no sleep in MSLT nap) and divide by total # of naps.
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Calculate Median Sleep Latency
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middle number when latencies are written shortest to longest
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What is the Mode Sleep Latency
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The number that occurs most when looking at sleep latencies
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Define REM Latency
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minutes from sleep onset to REM onset.
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Define Mixed Apnea
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a sleep disordered breathing event that begins as a central and ends as obstructive
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Dopamine does what to the brain?
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activates the cerbral cortex, causes movment, and responsiveness.
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Define Obstructive apnea
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complete cessation of airflow greater than 10 secs with continued respiratory effort.
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What is a Hypopnea
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A nasal pressure drop greater than or equal to 30% of baseline. Desaturations depend on scoring method and are either 3% or 4%
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What do histamines do to the brain?
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Activates the cerebral cortex (anti-histamines like benedryl make you tired)
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What does Acetylchoine do to the brain?
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activates the cerebral cortex; increased in wake and REM
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Parasomnia is
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not a primary disorder of sleep but a disorder of arousal and sleep stage transition associated with abnormal movements and behavior that disrupt sleep but not the normal sleep architecture.
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Dyssomina is
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insomnia, hypersomnia, circadian rhythm disorders.
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Brusxism is found
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in adolescents. Mainly in delta sleep.
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Bruxism decreases with
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age
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Enuresis Nocturna is
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bedwetting
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Jactatio capitis nocturna is
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head banging.
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Sleep terrors is an
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arousal disorder.
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Rem-related parasomnias mainly manifest themselves in
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Males. (88% and are usually older than 60)
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Jactatio captis nocturna is an example of a
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rhythmic movement disorder.
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Klein-Leven syndrome is
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cycles of hypersomnia 3-4 times per year lasting days to weeks. Pt will sleep 16-18 hours then wake and eat a lot.
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Narcoleptic Tetrad
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excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnogogic hallucenations.
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The degree to which an amplifier will reject a common mode signal is expressed as what?
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Common mode rejection ratio
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NREM sleep in the infant is known as?
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quiet sleep
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Infant breathing patter that alternates regular breathing with 5- 10 seconds or more.
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Periodic Breathing
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An epoch that does not meet the criteria for Active Sleep or Quiet Sleep is called what?
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Indeterminate Sleep
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Trace Alternant pattern is associated with what stage of sleep in the infant?
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Quiet sleep
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Prolonged PR interval is
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>0.20s
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First degree AV block the PR interval is
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usually constant.
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REM occupies what percentage of sleep in the neonate at term?
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50%
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Term used for a brief superimposition of EEG alpha activity on sleep activities during a stage of sleep.
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Alpha intrusion
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A function that expresses the frequency of eye movements per unit time during sleep stage REM
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REM Density
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A complaint of morning headaches associated with severe sleep apnea is a result of what?
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Severe oxygen desaturation and hypercapnia.
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What term is linked with patients experiencing evening and nocturnal hallucinations associated with dementia?
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Sundowning
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Three potential sources of stray electrical current.
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Short Circuit, Leakage Current, Ground loop
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The number of pen deflections of "waves" recorded within the span of one second.
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Signal Frequency
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Measurement of frequency, number of cycles per second.
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Hertz
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Refers to the response time of the polygraph pens in relation to high and low frequency filter settings during a calibration procedure.
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Time constant
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Reduction in size or amplitude of a signal.
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attenuation
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Undesirable variations in baseline during a recording, usually caused by sweat or movement.
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Baseline sway
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Voltages originating from living tissues.
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Bio-electrical potentials.
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Signals obtained by comparing voltages from two exploring electrodes.
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Bipolar Derivation
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a ground connection shared by more than one instrument or appliance
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common ground
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any material capable of transmitting an electrical current
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conductor
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flow of electrical force along a conductor
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current
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signal obtained from a pair of electrodes
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derivation
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recording of electrical activity generated by the brain
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EEG (electroencephalogram)
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The time required for a pen to descent to 37% of signal amplitude when a DC calibration signal is applied to an amplifier
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fall time constant
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an electronic device designed to reduce or eliminate unwanted frequencies from passing through as amplifier
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filter
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An undesirable electrical pathway between two separate ground connections, resulting in a possible hazard to a patient
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Ground loop
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Stray current generated by the proximity of electrical power cords to adjoining cables or the polygraph chassis
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leaking current
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Ratio of output voltage to input voltage, amplifier sensitivity
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gain
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An instrument used for measuring electrical resistance
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Ohmmeter
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Signal obtained by comparing voltages from an exploring electrode to a relatively inactive location
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referential derivation
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A device used to limit the passage of electrical current
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resistor
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The time required for a pen to reach 63% of signal amplitude when a DC calibration signal if applied to an amplifier
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Rise Time Constant
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A device containing two dissimilar metals, which generate an electrical signal in response to temperature variations.
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Thermocouple
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A sequence of tests used to verify and document appropriate amplifier and pen responses to various maneuvers performed by the pt prior to a sleep study.
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Biocalibration
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bradycardia is
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a resting heart rate of below 60 bpm
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tachycardia is
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a resting heart rate of above 90 bpm
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A short PR interval is
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< 0.12s
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Second degree heartblock Type I (Wenckebach) has
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Increasing PR until nonconducted P wave occurs
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Sharp negative waves, usually within the theta frequency range-typically appearing during the latter part of stage 1 sleep.
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vertex waves
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A sharp negative wave, followed by a slower positive component-seen primarily in stage 2 sleep
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K-complex
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Short rhythmic waveform clusters of 12-14 Hz often showing a waxing and waning appearance- a characteristic feature of stage 2 sleep
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Sleep spindles
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Relatively low amplitude waves, with a notched sawtooth appearance-a common feature of REM sleep.
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Sawtooth Waves
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REM sleep is classified into what two categories?
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Tonic and Phasic
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Artifact caused by electrodes which momentarily lift away from the skin.
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Electrode Popping
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Second Degree AV Block Type 2 (Mobitz) has
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Fixed PR intervals plus nonconducted P waves
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A transient appearance of alpha activity during sleep.
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Alpha Intrusion
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A cessation of airflow detected at the nose and mouth occuring for 10 seconds or longer
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apnea
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An interrusption of sleep continuity, identified by an abrupt shift in EEG frequency
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arrousal
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A cessation of breathing, characterized by an absence of both airflow and respiratory effort.
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central apnea
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A single page of polysomnogram, typically representing 30 seconds of data.
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epoch
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Rapid deep breathing, resulting in reduced levels of CO2 in the blood.
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hyperventilation
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insufficient breathing volumes, resulting in increased levels of CO2 in the blood.
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hypoventilation
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masseter is the ____ muscle
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jaw
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Abnormally low blood oxygen saturation level.
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hypoxemia
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A cessation of breathing caused by upper airway obstruction.
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Obstructive sleep apnea
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The progression and distribution of the various sleep stages and their quantitative relationship to each other.
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Sleep architecture
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A period of NREM sleep followed by a subsequent REM period
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Sleep Cycle (also see Sleep Patterns, Sleep Stages, Cyclic, Alternating Paterns of)
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A device used to convert non-electrical physiological activity into electrical signals
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transducer
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Lower portion of the temporal bone behind the ear
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mastoid
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Maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
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total lung capacity
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(apneas+hypopneas)/TST
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RDI
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sustained rythym of more than 3 or more PVC's in a row
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V-Tach
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DTABS
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delta >4 Hz
theta 4-7 Hz alpha 8-13 Hz beta > 13 Hz spindels 12-14 Hz |
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Lights on to Lights off
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Total Recording Time (TRT)
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AI
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# of arousals/TST (Total Sleep Time)
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No relationship between the P waves and the QRS complexes. QRS is slower than the P rate.
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3rd degree AV Block
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Name the 10-20 landmarks
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naison, inion, right & left preauricular
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An arrangement of electrode derivations is a
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montage
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Characterize by disorganized atrial activity with out discernable P-waves
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atrial fibrillation
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Ohm's Law
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Voltage (V) is equal to current (I) flowing in the circuit multiplied by resistance (R) in the circuit. V=I(R)
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Three grounds found in electronic equipment
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Earth ground, chassis ground, common connection ground
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Shock that involves large and quite perceptible currents passing from external surface area to another.
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macroshock
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3 or more PVC's in a row is
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Ventricular Tachycardia
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# of PLM's divided by total sleep time
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PLM index
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When is an MSLT nap terminated?
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15 minutes after the 1st epoch of sleep or 20 mins after lights off if no sleep is recorded.
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Mean Sleep latency
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sum of all REM latencies divided by the # of REM periods
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Suddenly dropped QRS complex without prior PR lengthening
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2nd Degree AV Block
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What consideration should be given to the choice of electrodes used for recording EEG?
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Choose a material that has minimum drift of electrode potential and a very long time constant
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Suggested solution to soak contaminated electrodes.
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5% Hypochlorite solution (household bleach)
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Distinct EEG activity appearing to be composed of one dominant frequency.
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Monomorphic
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EEG activity with a frequency faster than 13 Hz
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Beta Activity
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Morphologically and topographically distinct EEG activity seen in the central areas, frequency is about 9 Hz
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Mu Rhythm
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Breathing patter characterized by rhythmic waxing and waning of the depth of respiration, with regularly recurring periods of apneas
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Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
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EKG channel shows regular rhythm rate 60-100 bpm: P waves present and upright before each QRS complex. Time interval is same for all beats.
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Normal Sinus Rhythm
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EKG channel shows regular rhythm, rate>100 bpm (seldom>150 bpm). P waves present and upright before each QRS complex. Time interval is same for all beats.
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Sinus Tachycardia
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Normal arterial pCO2 value.
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35-45 mmHg
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Normal arterial pO2
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800-100 mmHg
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What does sleep onset occur when scoring an MSLT
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The time from lights out to the first epoch scored as sleep.
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EKG channel shows regular rhythm, rate<60 bpm; P waves present and upright before each QRS complex. Time interval is same for all beats.
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Sinus Bradychardia
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Which class of drugs is known to aggravate Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep
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Tricyclic Anti-depressants
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What is the effect of chronic alcoholism on REM?
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Decreases REM and Delta Sleep
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Define sleep efficiency
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The ratio of total sleep time to total time in bed.
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In 1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman associated what with dreaming during sleep.
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rapid eye movements
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Increased resistance of the upper airways secondary to blockage of one nasal orifice restricts ventilation more severely in REM or NREM?
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REM
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Paradoxical breathing is noted in neonates or infants?
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Neonates
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Periodic breathing in normal infant most commonly occurs in Active or Quiet Sleep
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Active Sleep
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The ultradian rhythm of alternating sleep cycles has a period of how many minutes during infancy?
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30-70 minutes
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Define dtabs
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delta <4Hz
theta 4-7Hz alpha 8-13Hz beta >13Hz spindles 12-14Hz |
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A person maximum breathing ability
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Vital capacity
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Leg muscle used to monitor/record myoclonic movements
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anterior tibialis
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TRT-TWT=
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Total Sleep Time (TST)
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TST/TRT=
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Sleep Efficiency
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WASO
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amount of time awake after sleep onset
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Ohm's Law
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V (voltage) = I (current) R (Resistance)
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What is Rem Behavior Disorder?
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lack of normal muscle atonia in REM.
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Confusional Arousals usually occur in patients at what age?
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Less than 5 years old
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