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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rotter and Mischel believe |
Behaviour is not shaped by environment but by one's expectations of future events are determinants of performance ex. girl feels unpopular so doesn't make new friends so doesn't try to be friendly to others |
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Rotter is an Interactionist they believe |
People's cognitions, past histories, and expectations of future are keys to predicting behaviour |
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Mischel's cognitive social theory |
Like bandora and Rotter, Cognitive factors such as expectancies, subjective perceptions, values, goals, and personal standards, play important roles in shaping personality |
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Mischel's delay of gratification is |
Research regarding the consistency or inconsistent of personality and working with Shoda on developing a cognitive-affective personality system. |
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Julian Rotter |
Born 1916 in Brooklyn. -In high school started reading Adler and Freud -First got a degree in Chemistry but went into Psychology for masters and doctorate -Rotter and Kelly were 2 most important members of psychology department at Ohio State -He took a position at University of Connecticut -Wrote Social Learning and Clinical Psychology plus other works -Won APA Scientific Contribution Award -Distinquished Contribution to clinical Psychology |
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Rotter's Social Learning Theory has 5 basic hypothesis |
1.Humans interact with their meaningful environments, - Behaviour stems from interaction of environment and personal factors 2. Human personality is learned 3. Personality has a basic unity - new experiences are based of previous reinforcement 4. Motivation is goal directed - behaviour lies in peoples expectations that behaviour is leading them tho their goals 5. People are capable of anticipating events |
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Empirical law of effect |
Reinforcement of an action, condition, or event which affects individuals movement toward a goal |
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Rotter's prediction of Specific Behaviour by looking at these 4 variables |
1. Behaviour Potential 2. Expectancy 3. Reinforcement 4. Psychological situation |
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Rotter's Behaviour potential (BP) is |
Likelihood that a given behaviour will occur in a particular situation Behaviour potential is a function of both expectancy and reinforcement value |
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Rotter's idea of Expectancy (E) is |
Expectancy (E) A person's expectancy of being reinforced General Expectancy (GE) are learned through previous experience and have believe that behaviours will be followed by positive response. ex: College student works for high grades because in the past hard work and high grades was reinforced Specific Expectancy's (E') ex: generalized expectancy of high grades with hard work buy may believe that an equal amount of hard work in a French class will go unrewarded. Total expectancy is both generalized expectancy and one's specific expectancy. Total expectancy is amount of effort that will be used up in pursuit of goals. |
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Rotter's reinforcement value (RV) is |
A person's preference for a particular reinforcement Internal Reinforcement - Individual's perception to positive or negative value of an event External Reinforcement - events, condition, or action on which one's society or culture places a value. reinforcement-Reinforcement sequences - Refers to as clusters of reinforcement |
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Rotter's psychological situation (s) is |
The external and internal world to which a person is responding |
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Basic Prediction Formula= Behavioural Potential |
Predicting specific behaviours by using all four variables in a formula BP x1,s1,ra=f(Ex,ra,s1+RVas1) |
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we use Generalization expectancy when |
Predicting General Behaviours that may be new to someone
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Rotter defined needs as |
Any behaviour or set of behaviours that move people in the direction of a goal ex: A person with strong need of dominance will try to gain power in most relationships and other situations |
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Rotter and Hochreich (1975) 6 broad categories of needs |
1.Recognition-Status- need to be recognized and to achieve status by others 2.Dominance - Control behaviour of others 3.Independence - To be free of the domination of others, rely on oneself 4. Protection-Dependency - Opposite of independence 5. Love & Affection - Ned love and affection 6. Physical Comfort - basic need because other needs are learned in relation to it |
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Need complex has 3 essential components |
1. need potential 2. freedom of movement 3. need value |
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Need Potential (NP) -Like behaviour potential |
Group of functionally related behaviours. Cant be measured solely by observation of behaviour |
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Freedom of Movement - (FM) Like Expectancy |
The overall expectation of being reinforced for performing those behaviours that are directed toward satisfying general needs. -The average level of expectancies that these behaviours will lead to the desired satisfaction is a measure of her freedom of movement in the area of dominance. -Determined by holding the need value constant and looking at the need potential.ex: |
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Need Value (NV) -Like Reinforcement value |
The degree to which one prefers one set of reinforcements to another |
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General prediction formula |
To make generalized predictions regarding a set of behaviours designed to satisfy needs NP=f(FM+NV) Need potential is freedom of movement and need value |
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Rotter's 2 popular scales for measuring generalized expectancies |
1. Internal-External Control Scale 2. Interpersonal Trust Scale |
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To assess internal and external control of reinforcement (locus of control) |
Rotter developed the Internal-External Control Scale |
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Interpersonal Trust Scale |
Generalized Expectancy (GE) held by ind that the word, promise, written can be relied on. High scores show interpersonal trust low score show generalized expectancy of distrust |
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Maladaptive Behaviour |
Any persistent behaviour that does not allow a person move towards a desired goal. - Characterized by unrealistic goals, inappropriate behaviours, inadequate skills or low expectancy of being able to execute the behaviours necessary for positive reinforcement. ex: a need for love and affection is realistic but people set unrealistic goal to be loved by everyone resulting in maladaptive behaviour |
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Psychotherapy of Rotter |
Bring freedom of movement and need value into harmony. By: 1. Changing importance of goals 2.eliminating low expectancies for success |
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Goal of therapist is to change goals |
Help them identify with faulty nature of goal and reset goal that is attainable |
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Eliminating low expectancy |
People have low freedom of movement for 3 reasons 1. Lack skill or information to strive toward goal. ex: Tyler is not skilled to out skate older kids 2.faulty evaluation of the present situation.ex: Ty thinks he is the best player on his team 3.inadequate generaliztion ex. Ty thinks he is bad in tier 1B and will be bad in tier 2 as well |
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Rotter believe the therapist should also help patients by: |
1. Look at long range consequences of behaviour. ex: Tyler looks at not being a team player how will it affect future of hockey, however dominance is satisfied by cutting others down and looking for faults2.Have patients enter painful social situation and just listen. Have them observe other motives3. Active participant with social interaction with patient.
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Critique of Cognitive Learning Theory |
1.Generates Research - yes However Locus of Control is not core of Rotters personality theory 2.Falsifiable - Yes 3. Organize Knowledge - Above average 4. Guide Action - Moderate high Rotters formula is not practical 5. Internally consistent - yes 6. parsimonious - yes |
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Concept of Humanity |
1. Determinism vs Free Choice - Free Choice 2. Pessimism vs Optimism - Cant rate it is realistic and practical 3. Casual vs Teleological - future orientation people move towards goals 4. Conscious vs Unconscious - Set goals consciously 5. Social vs Biological - emphasize social 6. Uniqueness vs similarities -middle position history and experience help them set goals |
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Rotter's theory assumes that
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Motivation is goal directed |
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An event or condition that moves a person toward a goal would express Rotter's concept of
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the empirical law of effect.
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Behavior potential in any situation is a function of reinforcement value and
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expectancy |
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Behavioral potential can be predicted when reinforcement value is held constant and
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expectancy varies.
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Rotter called a person's subjective perception of the value of an event
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Internal reinforcement |
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Rotter's basic prediction formula states that behavior potential is a function of a person's expectancy that behavior will be followed by reinforcement in a particular situation and by
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reinforcement value.
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The basic prediction formula is most useful for making specific predictions. To make more generalized predictions, Rotter introduced the concept of
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needs |
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The specific concept of expectancy is analogous to this term in the general prediction formula.
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freedom of movement |
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Rotter's theory is future-oriented; that is, it allows for a person's expectations of future events.
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true |
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Rotter believes that personality is shaped by
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expectancies subjective perceptions values goals personal standards |
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Rotter believes
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Behaviour is not shaped by environment but 1's expectations of future events |
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Rotter assumes that motivation is goal-directed.
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true |
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While still an adolescent, Rotter was influenced by the writings of Alfred Adler.
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true |
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Freedom of movement is analogous to the concept of expectancy.
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true |
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One of the components of Rotter's general prediction formula is freedom of movement.
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true |
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Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale classifies
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people have the ability to see a connection between their own effects and environmental consequences Internal control rides within oneself external control believed they are are controlled by forces out side of themselves |
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The theories of Rotter and Mischel are______________-directed, meaning that they see people as being guided by their expectations of the future
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goal |
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As an interactionist, Rotter believes that a combination of environmental and_______________variables are responsible for behavior.
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personal |
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Any condition that moves a person toward a________________________defines Rotter's empirical law of effect.
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goal |
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Behavior_________________refers to the likelihood that a given behavior will occur in a particular situation.
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potential |
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People's expectation of being reinforced is called their.
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expectancy |
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Behavior potential is a function of both_____________value and expectancy.
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reinforcement |
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External___________________includes events, conditions, or actions that our culture values.
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reinforcement |
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Rotter sees people as__________________animals whose perceptions of events are more important than the events themselves.
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cognitive |
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The need to be free of the domination of others is called.
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independence |
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Need____________________refers to the possible occurrence of a set of functionally related behaviors directed toward the satisfaction of the same or similar goals.
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potential |
