Ross University--> Dr. Smolanoff --> Molecules Of Life (1-14)

Front 1

oWhat is the human body made of?
o In what order can we expect the biomolecules to be arranged?

Back 1

Water > proteins=triglycerides > Carbs > Salts

Front 2

o Which bond is more difficult to break in a molecule of water?

Back 2

 The covalent bond between the Oxygen and hydrogen is far more difficult to break. Hydrogen bonding is actually a fairly weak bond, though it accounts for changes in physical properties (ie: boiling point)

Front 3

o Why is Calcium Phosphate (a salt) not soluble in the body?

Back 3

 Ion dipole forces will try and dissolve the salt but the ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION of the crystal lattice is much more durable and maintains the solid structure.

Front 4

o What concentrations of Na, K and Ca can we expect in the extracellular fluid vs. the cytoplasm of the cell?

Back 4

Na and Ca inside > outside
K inside < outside

Front 5

o In general, which functional groups are considered acidic and which are considered basic?

Back 5

 Acidic  Carboxyl, phosphate ester and phosphodiester
 Basic  Alliphatic amino groups and all amines

Front 6

o What are the two major reactions in biochemistry? Further what mechanism is used to achieve both? What role does water play in each? What is the result in energy?

Back 6

 Anabolic reactions  building reactions where 2 molecules are fused together by removing a water molecule (CONDENSATION REACTION). Finally, energy is required for this reaction to take place (ENDERGONIC)
 Catabolic reactions  breaking down reactions where 1 molecule is split into at least two molecules by water’s addition (HYDROLYSIS). Finally, energy is given off in these reactions (EXERGONIC)
 As a result most biochemical pathways complex endergonic and exergonic reactions to satisfy the energy equation (ENERGY COUPLING PROCESSES).

Front 7

o Isomers: Two molecules differ in their arrangement in space around a fixed bond. What type of isomers are they?

Back 7

 Geometric isomers

Front 8

o What is a Posititional isomer?

Back 8

 Isomers that differ in the placement of a particular functional group. Usually identify the functional group that changed and count what carbon it was at and then to which it was moved to.

Front 9

o What are enantiomers?

Back 9

 Isomers that differ in the orientation of functional groups around an ASYMETRIC CARBON and no other carbon in the molecule is asymmetric. Mirror image molecules?

Front 10

o What functional groups make up a triglyceride? What functional groups make up those molecules?

Back 10

 Triglyceride  Glycerol and fatty acids
 Glycerol  trivalent alcohol
 Fatty acid  long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxy group at one end.

Front 11

o What are the two major reactions in biochemistry? Further what mechanism is used to achieve both? What role does water play in each? What is the result in energy?

Back 11

 Anabolic reactions  building reactions where 2 molecules are fused together by removing a water molecule (CONDENSATION REACTION). Finally, energy is required for this reaction to take place (ENDERGONIC)
 Catabolic reactions  breaking down reactions where 1 molecule is split into at least two molecules by water’s addition (HYDROLYSIS). Finally, energy is given off in these reactions (EXERGONIC)
 As a result most biochemical pathways complex endergonic and exergonic reactions to satisfy the energy equation (ENERGY COUPLING PROCESSES).

Front 12

o Isomers: Two molecules differ in their arrangement in space around a fixed bond. What type of isomers are they?

Back 12

 Geometric isomers

Front 13

o What is a Posititional isomer?

Back 13

 Isomers that differ in the placement of a particular functional group. Usually identify the functional group that changed and count what carbon it was at and then to which it was moved to.

Front 14

o What are enantiomers?

Back 14

 Isomers that differ in the orientation of functional groups around an ASYMETRIC CARBON and no other carbon in the molecule is asymmetric. Mirror image molecules?

Front 15

o What functional groups make up a triglyceride? What functional groups make up those molecules?

Back 15

 Triglyceride  Glycerol and fatty acids
 Glycerol  trivalent alcohol
 Fatty acid  long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxy group at one end.

Front 16

Micromolecule :: Macromolecule

Nucleotide ::
Amino Acid ::
Carbohydrate ::
Lipid ::

Back 16

Nucleic Acid
Protein
Polysaccharide
Membranes

Front 17

o What are the four primordial building blocks?

Back 17

 Glucose
 Palmitic Acid
 Amino Acid
 Adenine

Front 18

What are synthetic vs degradation reactions called?

Back 18

Anabolism vs. Catabolism

Front 19

**** WHICH BONDS ARE CONSIDERED IRREVERSIBLE BONDS? ******

Back 19

Covalent Bonds

Front 20

Covalent bonds can make

Back 20

single, double, triple bonds as well as allowing for resonance structures.

Front 21

Molecular polarity is the result of

Back 21

uneven distribution of elctrons as a result of an elements EN.

Front 22

Polar covalent bonds result from

Back 22

an UNEVEN SHARING of electrons.

Front 23

What property decides alot of physical properties (ie: boiling point)?

Back 23

Polarity (Geometry of the molecule also)

Front 24

*** WHICH BONDS ARE REVERSIBLE BONDS? ***

Back 24

NON COVALENT BONDS. (ionic bonds, hydrogen bonding, Van der waals)

Front 25

Which type of bonding is by far strongest?

Back 25

Covalent bonding (reversible bonding)

Front 26

ionic bonds are formed by

Back 26

electrostatic attractions (NaCl) attract to mutually achieve the octet.

Front 27

what are micelles?

Back 27

circular structures that form to mantain polar heads externally and hydrophobic tails internally.

Front 28

How do Van der Waals forces come to be?

Back 28

Two atoms that are near will attract each other due to INDUCED DIPOLES in their electron clouds.

This force becomes stronger as the atoms come closer together.

When the two atoms draw too near each other their outer electrons overlap and a rejecting force will take over

Front 29

what is a condensation reaction?

Back 29

An ANABOLIC REACTION where 2 molecules make 1 larger molecule and water

Front 30

what is a hydrolysis reaction

Back 30

A CATABOLIC REACTION where water is used to cleave 1 large molecule in to two smaller ones.

Front 31

Acetyl CoA and ATP are considered what kind of molecules?

Back 31

High energy molecules. When ATP is hydrolized a larege amount of energy is released in each of the three phosphate bonds.

Front 32

Acetyl CoA is also known as a carrier... why?

Back 32

it carries Actetyl and Acyl groups for many reaction in biochemistry.