Rosler Biology I Test 2

Front 1

Chapter 6

Back 1

Enzymes/Energy

Front 2

Kinetic energy

Back 2

Energy of motion

Ex. When swinging on a swing, maximum when at lowest point before going back up

Front 3

Potential energy

Back 3

Energy of height/associated with gravity

Ex. When swinging, at its peak when swinger at highest point

Front 4

What is the source of all energy in our solar system?

Back 4

The sun!

Front 5

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Back 5

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Energy can only change from one form to another example potential energy is converted into kinetic energy when swinging, and then back into potential energy

Front 6

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Back 6

The total amount of energy/entropy in a system is always increasing overtime

Front 7

Entropy?

Back 7

Disorder in a system/how much energy in a system has been dispersed

Ex. Log rotting, system is becoming more disorderly, energy in the log is being released

Front 8

Enthalpy?

Back 8

Energy contained in the chemical bonds of a molecule

Front 9

Endergonic?

Back 9

A reaction that absorbs energy, yields molecules that are more organized, example photosynthesis, anabolism = the building up of molecules to store energy

+ change in energy

Front 10

Exergonic?

Back 10

A real a reaction that releases energy, example: digestion of nutrients, catabolism (breaking down of matter to release energy)

Front 11

Enzymes are in what class of biological molecules? (carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)

Back 11

Proteins

Front 12

What are the two functions of enzymes?

Back 12

1. Lower energy of activation

2. Speeds up the rate of a reaction

Front 13

What is the substrate?

Back 13

Substance on which an enzyme binds & exerts its effects

Ex The enzyme lactase hydrolyzes or breaks down lactose (disaccharide) into the two monosaccharides glucose and galactose

Front 14

Active site?

Back 14

The region on an ENZYME that binds to the substrate. If mutated or disrupted, it usually wreaks havoc on enzyme function

Front 15

What environmental changes often disrupt the weak chemistry (H bonds, hydrophobic interactions, or ionic binds) that hold an enzyme/protein into its proper structure? Denature the enzyme?

Back 15

Changes in temperature, pH, and salt concentration

Front 16

Activation energy (Ea)?

Back 16

How how much energy goes into a chemical reaction, the difference in the peak in energy from the reactant

Front 17

Competitive Inhibitors?

Back 17

Competitive Inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site.

Front 18

Non-competitive inhibitors?

Back 18

Non-competitive Inhibitors bind to site other than the active site on the enzyme causing a change in enzyme conformation --> active site closing.

Front 19

Cofactors/Coenzymes?

Back 19

Cofactors (often metal ions) and coenzymes (often vitamins) make the active site on Enzyme to bind substrate.

Front 20

Each time work is performed _____ loses a phosphate to become _____. * Muscle cell contracts, ions move AGAINST a chemical gradient...

Back 20

ATP ... ADP

Front 21

Enzymatic reactions are reversible; they form ______ interactions between the enzyme and substrate.

Back 21

Weak chemical interactions: H bonds (between polar covalent groups, hydrophobic interactions (between non-polar covalent groups), and ionic interactions (between ionic [+ or - charges]).

Front 22

Irreversible reactions form between certain poisons and enzymes and prevent enzymatic reactions. What type of chemical interactions do they form?

Back 22

They form covalent as they are the strongest chemical interaction and not easily broken.

Front 23

Cellular Respiration : Chapter 7

Back 23

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Front 24

Cellular respiration ultimately is responsible for adding phosphates on to ____ to make _____.

Back 24

ADP ... ATP

Front 25

Glucose (a hydrophilic molecule) enters a cell via ______.

A. free diffusion

B. facilitated transport

Back 25

facilitated transport -- it is passive as well-- does not require ATP/e- to move into the cell.

Front 26

The carbons that enter cellular respiration in a cell all come off as _____.

Back 26

CO2

Front 27

What are the 4 steps of aerobic respiration in a cell?

Back 27

1. Glycolysis

2. Prep phase

3. Citric Acid Cycle

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 28

Which step in aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and doesn't require oxygen to occur?

Back 28

Glycolysis

Front 29

Which step in aerobic respiration oxidizes NADH and FADH2 in order to yield ATP?

Back 29

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 30

How much energy must be invested into aerobic respiration (glycolsysis) in order for it to occur?

Back 30

2 ATP are lost

Front 31

For each molecule of glucose, how many turns of the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Back 31

2 (2 Acetyl co-As!)

Front 32

What cell types in animals undergo anaerobic respiration? What do they ultimately produce?

Back 32

Skeletal muscle (aka voluntary muscle cells)

Red blood cells

net yield of 2 ATP and Lactic Acid (muscle soreness)

Front 33

What cell types in protists undergo anaerobic respiration? What do they ultimately produce?

Back 33

Yeast (S. cerevisiae)

net yield of 2 ATP and Ethanol + CO2

Front 34

How many ATP are ultimately produced per glucose from one molecule of glucose?

Back 34

38 ATP

Front 35

What are the two steps in oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 35

1. Electron transport chain

2. Chemiosmosis

Front 36

Which domain of the mitochondria is acidic (high [H+])?

Back 36

Intermembrane space aka outer matrix

Front 37

Which domain of the mitochondria is basic (low [H+]?

Back 37

Inner matrix

Front 38

In which membrane of the mitochondria do the proteins for oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Back 38

Inner membrane

Front 39

What are oxidized during oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 39

NADH (at protein I) and FADH2 (at protein II) in the electron transport chain

Front 40

At the end of the electron transport chain, what is ultimately reduced?

Back 40

O2 is reduced to produce water

Front 41

Which proteins are involved in active transport of H+?

Back 41

I, III, and IV

* the last protein, ATP synthase (V) is involved in passive transport of H+ --> ATP.

Front 42

What are the differences b/w aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

1. in what cell types?

2. where in the cell do they occur?

Back 42

1. aerobic: all eukaryotic cells

anaerobic: yeast, animal sk. muscle, & RBCs

2. aerobic: cytoplasm and mitochondria

anaerobic: just cytoplasm

Front 43

What are the differences b/w aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

3. what becomes of carbons from glucose?

4. net energy produced?

Back 43

3. aerobic: CO2 anaerobic: animal sk muscle/RBC --> lactic acid yeast --> CO2 and Ethanol

4. Aerobic: 38 ATP per glucose Anaerobic: 2 ATP per glucose

Front 44

The fatty acid components enter into metabolism at which point?

Back 44

Acetyl-coA

Front 45

Gluconeogenesis?

Back 45

Usage of proteins and lipids to make glucose when animal is in starvation-mode or consuming very low [Glucose]

* this is necessary bc not all cells can catabolize proteins/lipids but all cells can catabolize glucose

*accounts for fat and muscle wasting during long-term starvation scenarios

Front 46

Chapter 9

Back 46

Photosynthesis

Front 47

Which domain of the chloroplast is acidic?

Which domain of the chloroplast is basic?

Back 47

Acidic: thylakoid space

(inside green stacks)

Basic: stroma

(grey space)

Front 48

Where in the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?

Light-INdependent reactions?

Back 48

Light dependent: Thylakoid membrane

Light Independent: Stroma

Front 49

What enters/used to drive the light-dependent rxns?

What comes out of the light-dependent rxns?

Back 49

Enters: UV light & H2O

Exits: O2, ATP, and NADPH

Front 50

What enters/used to drive the light-INdependent rxns?

What comes out of the light-INdependent rxns?

Back 50

Enters: CO2, ATP & NADPH

Exits: Glucose, NADP+, ADP

Front 51

The higher the wavelength of a photon, the _____ its energy per photon.

Back 51

Lower;

Front 52

How many turns of the Light-INdependent (aka Calvin Cycle) must occur in order to form one glucose molecule?

Back 52

2 X

Front 53

What protein actively pumps H+ from the stroma (basic) to the thylakoid space (acidic) in order to increase the acidity of the thylakoid space?

Back 53

Cytochrome B6

Front 54

What protein couples the passive movement of H+ from the thylakoid space to the stroma?

Back 54

ATP synthase

Front 55

Which wavelength of visible light is reflected by chlorophyll a?

By carotenoids?

Back 55

Green

Orange

Front 56

Photosystem II accomplishes what?

Back 56

1. uses the energy of light in order to split water --> O2 and H+ (thus increasing acidity of thylakoid space)

2. uses the excited e- from water to power the Electron Transport Chain to power Cytochrome B6

Front 57

Photosystem I completes the electron transport chain and ultimately reduces:

Back 57

NADP+ --> NADHPH

Front 58

The carbons in Glucose ultimately are derived from:

Back 58

the CO2 taken up by the plant

Front 59

The oxygen we breathe is ultimately derived from?

Back 59

The splitting of water in Photosystem II that makes up the first step of the electron transport chain/light dependent reactions

Front 60

Chapter 10

Back 60

Cell signaling

Front 61

The enzymes that tend to ACTIVATE other proteins by adding a PHOSPHATE on to them are called:

Back 61

Kinases

Front 62

The enzymes that tend to DEACTIVATE other proteins by removing a PHOSPHATE from them are called:

Back 62

Phosphatases

Front 63

In order for steroid hormones to cause TRANSCRIPTION of specific genes, they must first bind to:

Back 63

STEROID RECEPTORS - the steroid + steroid receptor bind to specific DNA elements and recruit RNA Polymerase --> transcription of specific genes

Front 64

Which mode of cell signaling (steroid, ion channel, enzyme linked, or G-protein) is associated with the activation of adenylate cyclase as a second messenger?

Back 64

G-protein

Front 65

What is the overall name given to the molecule/hormone that binds to a cell membrane receptor?

Back 65

Ligand

Front 66

The alpha component of the G-protein disassociates from the receptor when it is bound to ___.

Back 66

GTP

Front 67

Ion-gated channels are used to initiate nerve and muscle cell depolarization. How do they work?

Back 67