Romantic

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Romantic ideals

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Unrestrained utterance, an experimental or even radical approach to form, a subjective or extremely personal involvement with the musical material, the desire to seek out new means of expression

Front 2

Franz Schubert

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(1797-1828) early Romantic Austrian composer, 6 masses (first 4 are 25-30mins), 30+ small choral sacred works, lots of secular works, Mass in Ab masterpiece of lyricism, enharmonic tertian key relationships (Ab-E=Fb) -like Beethoven, variety of harmonic color, Mass in Eb orchestral effectiveness over choir; his approach to mass text is subjective and non liturgical, an approach that will be characteristic in Romantic period, accompanied part song Nachthelle, Die Nacht

Front 3

Gioacchino Rossini

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(1792-1868) Italian bel canto, "Italian Mozart", composer of comic operas, also wrote Little Solemn Mass with expressive variety and vocal color, dignity and reverence, melodic beauty

Front 4

Franz Liszt

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(1811-1886) famous Hungarian piano virtuouso and composer, cosmopolitan, 700 compositions, 60 choral: 4 masses (one for men and organ, another Gran Mass), 2 oratorios, several psalm settings; theme transformation and re-occurance provides unity, tumultuous fanfares, diminished chords, harmonic sequences, remote modulations

Front 5

Hector Berlioz

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(1803-1869) French composer, dramatic expression, possessed a vivid imagination, an unmatched sense for instrumental writing and orchestral color, required many performers, unconstricted approach to traditional musical forms, Grande Messe des morts (Requiem mass) altos basically omitted, large orchestration, 4 brass bands, Damnation of Faust - oratorio/concert opera, Te Deum (3 choirs), influenced by Beethoven 9th and wrote Romeo et Juliette (dramatic symphony)

Front 6

Felix Mendelssohn

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(1809-1847) German composer, 3 oratorios (St. Paul, Elijah, Christus-unfinished), 3 motets, 6 anthems, 12 Psalms, 6 secular cantatas, well traveled, elevated Bach's music

Front 7

Robert Schumann

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(1810-1856) German composer, 18 works for chorus and orchestra including Mass and Requiem, 31 vocal quartets, 34 part songs

Front 8

Anton Bruckner

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(1824-1896) Austrian composer and organist, D minor mass, mostly chordal, lead motives, short phrases, chromatic modulations; devoted to Roman Catholic faith in his mass writing, had mental breakdown 1867-68, Te Deum

Front 9

Giuseppe Verdi

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(1813-1901) Italian composer, foremost opera composer of the century, Requiem contains Verdi's deep, personal involvement with the text through musical treatment

Front 10

Gabriel Fauré

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(1845-1924) French composer, restraint and subtlety, Requiem only sop and bari soloists, small orchestra, violins play minor role

Front 11

Antonin Dvořák

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(1841-1904) Czech composer, applied symphonic techniques to the music in his Requiem, changed order movements, bass otinati, vocal color, large orchestra, powerful and expressive

Front 12

Johannes Brahms

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(1833-1897) German composer, German Requiem grows out of Protestant tradition and unrelated to Roman Catholic liturgy, text selected by Brahms from Luther's version of Old and New testaments, overall symmetry, lyrical, expressive, motet: Create in Me a Clean Heart (augmentation of sop line on bass, chromatic)

Front 13

Charles Stanford

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(1852-1924) Irish composer, anthems, 4 magnificats, 3 latin motets

Front 14

Edward Elgar

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(1857-1934) English composer, large intervals, melodic sequences, rhythmic diversity, The Dream of Gerontius

Front 15

Gustav Mahler

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(1860-1911) Austrian composer, one of the finest opera conductors, 9 symphonies (2,3,8 include choir), 8th symphony of 1000

Front 16

Claude Debussy

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(1862-1918) French composer, Impressionist, Trois Chansons

Front 17

Gustav Holst

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(1874-1934) English composer, part songs, The Planets

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Romantic Orchestra

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Woodwinds:

Piccolo (2 late)

2 flutes (3-4 late)

2 oboes (3-4 late)

2 clarinets (3-4 Bb, 1-2 Eb, D late)

Cor Anglais (America: English horn)

2 bassoons (3-4 late)

Contrabassoon

Brass:

4 natural or valved horns (4-8 late)

2 natural or valved trumpets (3-6 F, C, Bb late)

3 Trombones (3-4 late)

Tuba (2 late)

Percussion:

2 timpani (4+ late)

Snare

Bass drum

Cymbals

Triangle

Tambourine

Glockenspiel

Xylophone (late)

Keyboard:

Piano (late)

Celesta (late)

Strings:

14,12,10,8,6 (early)

16,14,12,12,10 (late)

Harp (2 late)

Front 19

Horatio Parker

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(1863-1919) American, studied in Munich, Professor at Yale taught Ives, lots of part songs

Front 20

Hubert Parry

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(1848-1918) English composer and historian, friends with George Grove (Grove dictionary of Music and Musicians), studied Bach

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Josef Rheinberger

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(1839-1901) German composer,

Front 22

Examples

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Large form: Brahms Requiem, Beethoven 9th, Mahler Symphony 8

Mid-major: Brahms Nänie, Alto Rhapsody, Faure Requiem

Small form: Bruckner Locust Iste, Rheinberger Abendlied