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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
three types of rocks |
igneous, sedimentary, medimorphesous |
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igneous rock |
formed through cooled magma |
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sedimentary |
form by the lification of rock fragments |
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metamorphic |
rocks changed through pressure and heat |
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ways igneous rocks are classified |
texture and composition |
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two types of textures |
1) intrusive: slowly cooled beneath the surface, large crystals, coarse grains 2) extrusive: cooled fast, above surface, fine grained |
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two types of sedimentary rock |
caustic: grains, made from particles, classifed by grain size, ex) shale, made by oceans non-caustic: made through chemical reactions, ex) limestone. |
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types of metamorphic rocks |
regional: plate tectonics, ex) Appalachians, Himalayas. contact: close to source of heat, dike, sills, batholith.
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three types of classification of metamorphic rocks |
regional vs. contact low grade vs. high grade foliated vs. non-foliated
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two composition types for igneous rock |
felsic: light color, rich in feldspar and silica mafic: dark color, rich in magnesium and iron |
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seismic waves |
primary waves, s-waves, surface waves |
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three levels of the earth/ sub levels |
crust(solid) Mantle--upper(plastic like)--lower(rigid) Core--outer(liquid)--inner(solid)
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topographical relief |
vertical difference between the highest and lowest elevation within an area |
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orographic belts |
mountain belts |
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weathering |
the breaking down of rock due to wind and/or water. |
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erosion |
the process of weathered material being washed away by wind, water, or gravity. |
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minerals |
naturaly occurring, inorganic solid with a definitive atomic structure and chemical composition |
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composition of the EARTHS crust |
oxygen- 46.6% + Silicon- 27.7% = quarts |
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mineral properties |
hardness, cleavage, fracture, color, streak, luster |
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Bowmen reaction series |
elements/ minerals melt at different temps. as magam cools different minerals crystallize at different temps. causes different sections in rock with diff minerals. |
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Igneous rock forms |
Batholith, locality, sill, dike |
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Steps of lithification |
1)Burial 2)compaction-weigth from being buiried 3) cementation- silica |
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Alfred Wegner |
continental drift theory, 200 my Pangea broke up. continents fit together, glaciers, fossils, rock type |
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Author Holmes |
discovered mechanism for continetal drift, thermal convection. Convection currents rise and pull plates apart. |
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Henry hess |
Sea floor spreading, mid ocean ridges, young rock near ridge, older away, all rock in open is younger than 180 my |
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plate tectonics |
transformation, movement, and destruction of the crust |
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three types of plate movement |
transform, side to side convergence, colliding divergent, away |
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isostacy |
the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation that depends on their thickness and density. |
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volcanos |
the eruption of the molten rock at the earths surface, creates new lithosphere |
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Mafic volcanoes |
soft rock, low silica, less violent erruption |
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Felsic( granite) volcanoes |
hard rock, high silica, explosive eruptions |
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types of volcanoes |
Active- eruption in recorded history dormant- no evidence of eruption but shows recent activity extinct- no sign of eruption and long term weathering and erosion |
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3 factors determine the violence of eruption |
1) Composition of magma (felsic/mafic) 2)temperature of magma( fluidity of magma) 3) dissolved gases in magma |
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Properties of magma |
Viscosity- a fluids resistance to flow |
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Pyroclastic |
solid fragments erupt from volcano. ash, cinder, bombs |
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basaltic lava |
lava has low viscosity runny eruption |
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Volcanic landforms |
Caldera pipe-sends magma to the crater crater-peak of volcano |
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Caldera |
a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano. |
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Composite Volcano |
-Explosive -Layeres of lava and pyroclatics -can trigger lahar and pyroclastic flow ex) mt saint helens
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Lahar |
viscous mud flow of pyroclastic material mixed with snowmelt or rain |
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Pyroclastic flow |
hot ash, pumice, rock fragment and volcanic gas flowing away from the volcano at great speed |
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harder than quartz 7 |
Diamond 10 |
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softer than quartz 7 |
Potassium feldspar 6 Apatite 5 Fluorite 4 Calcite 3 Gypsum 2 Talc 1 |
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hot spots |
intra-plate volcanism occurs over a hotspot int he mantel causing an active volcano. i.e. hawaii. and island chains |
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predicting eruptions of composite volcanos |
Frequent earthquakes Increased gas emissions |
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shield volcnaos |
Fluid basaltic, low-silica magma produce quiet eruptions Pahoehoe; Aa ex) kilowa |