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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

three types of rocks

igneous, sedimentary, medimorphesous

igneous rock

formed through cooled magma

sedimentary

form by the lification of rock fragments

metamorphic

rocks changed through pressure and heat

ways igneous rocks are classified

texture and composition

two types of textures

1) intrusive: slowly cooled beneath the surface, large crystals, coarse grains


2) extrusive: cooled fast, above surface, fine grained

two types of sedimentary rock

caustic: grains, made from particles, classifed by grain size, ex) shale, made by oceans


non-caustic: made through chemical reactions, ex) limestone.

types of metamorphic rocks

regional: plate tectonics, ex) Appalachians, Himalayas.


contact: close to source of heat, dike, sills, batholith.



three types of classification of metamorphic rocks

regional vs. contact


low grade vs. high grade


foliated vs. non-foliated


two composition types for igneous rock

felsic: light color, rich in feldspar and silica


mafic: dark color, rich in magnesium and iron

seismic waves

primary waves, s-waves, surface waves

three levels of the earth/ sub levels

crust(solid)


Mantle--upper(plastic like)--lower(rigid)


Core--outer(liquid)--inner(solid)


topographical relief

vertical difference between the highest and lowest elevation within an area

orographic belts

mountain belts

weathering

the breaking down of rock due to wind and/or water.

erosion

the process of weathered material being washed away by wind, water, or gravity.

minerals

naturaly occurring, inorganic solid with a definitive atomic structure and chemical composition

composition of the EARTHS crust

oxygen- 46.6%


+


Silicon- 27.7%


=


quarts

mineral properties

hardness, cleavage, fracture, color, streak, luster

Bowmen reaction series

elements/ minerals melt at different temps. as magam cools different minerals crystallize at different temps. causes different sections in rock with diff minerals.

Igneous rock forms

Batholith, locality, sill, dike

Steps of lithification

1)Burial


2)compaction-weigth from being buiried


3) cementation- silica

Alfred Wegner

continental drift theory, 200 my Pangea broke up. continents fit together, glaciers, fossils, rock type

Author Holmes

discovered mechanism for continetal drift, thermal convection. Convection currents rise and pull plates apart.

Henry hess

Sea floor spreading, mid ocean ridges, young rock near ridge, older away, all rock in open is younger than 180 my

plate tectonics

transformation, movement, and destruction of the crust

three types of plate movement

transform, side to side


convergence, colliding


divergent, away

isostacy

the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation that depends on their thickness and density.

volcanos

the eruption of the molten rock at the earths surface, creates new lithosphere

Mafic volcanoes

soft rock, low silica, less violent erruption

Felsic( granite) volcanoes

hard rock, high silica, explosive eruptions

types of volcanoes

Active- eruption in recorded history


dormant- no evidence of eruption but shows recent activity


extinct- no sign of eruption and long term weathering and erosion

3 factors determine the violence of eruption

1) Composition of magma (felsic/mafic)


2)temperature of magma( fluidity of magma)


3) dissolved gases in magma

Properties of magma

Viscosity- a fluids resistance to flow

Pyroclastic

solid fragments erupt from volcano. ash, cinder, bombs

basaltic lava

lava has low viscosity runny eruption

Volcanic landforms

Caldera


pipe-sends magma to the crater


crater-peak of volcano

Caldera

a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.

Composite Volcano

-Explosive


-Layeres of lava and pyroclatics


-can trigger lahar and pyroclastic flow


ex) mt saint helens



Lahar

viscous mud flow of pyroclastic material mixed with snowmelt or rain

Pyroclastic flow

hot ash, pumice, rock fragment and volcanic gas flowing away from the volcano at great speed

harder than quartz 7


Diamond 10
Corundum 9
Topaz 8

softer than quartz 7

Potassium feldspar 6


Apatite 5


Fluorite 4


Calcite 3


Gypsum 2


Talc 1

hot spots

intra-plate volcanism occurs over a hotspot int he mantel causing an active volcano. i.e. hawaii. and island chains

predicting eruptions of composite volcanos

 Frequent earthquakes
 Growing bulge due to rising magma chamber


 Increased gas emissions

shield volcnaos

 Fluid basaltic, low-silica magma produce quiet eruptions


 Pahoehoe; Aa
 Broad, gentle-sloping flanks


ex) kilowa