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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HgCl2
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proximal renal tubule necrosis
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2napthylamine
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conjugated to glucuronate, excreted in urine
causes bladder cancer |
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acetaldehyde
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tumor promoter
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hydrogen cyanide
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cilia toxin
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smoking and pregnancy
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low birth weight (SGA)
prematurity inc. spont. abortion inc. complications at delivery |
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genetic polymorphisms in ___ cause delayed alcohol metabolism in asians
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ALDEHYDE dehydrogenase
(acetaldehyde builds up and makes them sick!) |
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hard, shrunken liver with nodules of regenerating hepatocytes surrounded by dense bands of collagen?
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alcoholic cirrhosis!
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2 ways ethanol causes acute depressive effects
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1. altered membrane fluidity
2. altered signal transduction |
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ataxia
disturbed cognition ophthalmoplegia nystagmus |
Wernicke's syndrome
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chronic etoh effect on CV system?
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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alcohol and pregnancy?
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fetal alcohol syndrome
1. microcephaly 2. facial dysmorphism 3. brain, cardiovascular, and GU malformation |
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retinal ganglion cells targetted
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methanol
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calcium oxalate obstruction of renal tubules
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ethylene glycol - concrete in your kidney tubules
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seizures
cardiac arrhythmias respiratory arrest |
acute cocaine overdose
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insomnia
anxiety paranoia hallucinations hypertension strokes sudden death |
chronic cocaine abuse
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oral contraceptives and thromboembolism
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increase the risk
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oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease
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no increase in healthy nonsmoking women under 45
increase CV disease risk in smoking women over 35 |
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hepatic adenoma
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benign tumor
incidence increased by birth control |
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birth control and breast, ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer
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inc cervical
protects against ovarian and endometrial no increase in breast |
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hormone replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma
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increases the risk, but adding progesterone dulls this increase
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hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer
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increases the risk
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hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease
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increases the risk
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hormone replacement therapy and cholcystitis
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increases the risk (biliary stasis?)
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acetominophen toxicity
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run out of GSH
NAPQI forms hepatic necrosis and liver failure give acetylcysteine |
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aspirin overdose
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respiratory alkalosis followed by metabolic acidosis that can be fatal
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chronic aspirin toxicity
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salicylism
tinnitis headache (the irony!) dizziness confusion acute erosive gastritis |
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aspirin + phenacetin
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**
potentially fatal renal papillary necrosis |
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benzene
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Benzeme
and BONE MARROW!!!!!! bone marrow toxicity aplastic anemia acute leukemia |
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chloroform and carbon tetrachloride
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CNS depression (chloroform formerly used as anesthetic)
liver toxicity kidney toxicity |
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vinyl chloride
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* angiosarcoma of the liver
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rubber workers
1,3 butadiene |
leukemia
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moa of lead posioning
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inhibits 2 enzymes in producing hemoglobin and leads to hypochromic anemia
competes with calcium for storage in bone leads to red cell hemolysis, renal damage, and hyperentsion also effects the CNS! |
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metal causing headache, dizziness, and memory deficits in adults
also abdominal pain and anorexia |
lead!
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metal causing encephalopathy, cerebral edema, and mental deterioration in kids
intellectual impairment behavioral abnormalities learning deficits |
lead
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amanita phalloides causes death by ___
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hepatic dysfunction
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ciguatoxin and sagitoxin come from ____
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dinoflagellates in fish, snails, and mollusks
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aflatoxin B1 causes
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hepatocellular carcinoma
peanuts, corn, and other grain aspergillus africa |
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what is a Rad?
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dose of radiation that produces absorbtion of 100 ergs of energy per gram of tissue
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what is a Gray
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dose of radiation that produces absorption of 1 Joule of energy per kilogram of tissue
1 Gray = 100 rads |
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what is a Rem?
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dose of radiation that produces a biological effect equivalent to 1 Rad of X rays or gamma rays
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which is more lethal: a single dose of radiation administered to the whole body or regional administration with shielding?
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the single dose to the whole body is more lethal!
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delayed carcinogenic effect of ionizing radiation may be due to ____
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induced genetic instability where mutations persist and accumulate
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What is acute radiation syndrome?
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acute radiation sickness has 4 syndromes.
in order of increasing severity 1. subclinical 2. hematopoietic 3. GI 4. CNS |
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effects of radiation therapy?
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transient fatigue, vomitting, and anorexia
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effects of radiation in 4 phases of development:
1. preimplantation 2. 1st 9 weeks 3. 9-37 weeks 4. childhood |
preimpl - lethal to embryo before implantation
probs with organogenesis CNS and repro system abnormalities cessation of bone growth and maturation. CNS dev also disturbed |
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delayed radiation effect on:
1. blood vessels 2. skin 3. heart 4. lungs 5. kidneys and urinary bladder 6. GI 7. eyes 8. CNS |
1. subintimal and medial FIBROSIS, degeneration of ELASTIC LAMINA, and lumenal NARROWING
2. radiation dermatitis - epidermis becomes atrophic dermis becomes fibrotic subcut vessels weaken 3. heart damage, esp in chest radiotherapy 4. fibrosis (delayed radiation pneumonitis) 5. fibrosis, vascular damage, hyalinization of glomeruli bladder - necrosis of epithelium, submucosal fibrosis, contracture, bleeding, ulceration 6. every GI problem imaginable 7. cataracts 8. transverse myelitis - necrosis, demyelination, and paraplegia of spinal cord |
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caisson disease
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embolic occlusion of vascular supply to bone, particularly the head of femur and humerus - aseptic necrosis of femoral head, etc
this occurs days after decompression sickness |
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albumin levels in marasmus
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near normal!
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immune deficiency in marasmus or kwashiorkor?
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both! concurrent infections
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why does fatty liver occur in kwashiorkor?
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decreased synthesis of lipoproteins. increased breakdown of "visceral" protein compartment
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vitamin which potentiates the differentiation of mucus secreting cells?
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vitamin A
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xerosis?
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dryness of the conjunctivae (seen in vitamin A deficiency)
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bitot spots?
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corneal opacities seen in the xerophthalmia in vitamin A deficiency. they can become ulcers
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keratomalacia?
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seen in vitamin A deficiency
=destruction of the cornea |
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vitamin deficiency which causes metaplasia of epithelial surfaces?
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vitamin A
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levels of Ca and PO4 in vitamin D deficiency
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Ca normal
PO4 is low!!! pay attention!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
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why is bone mineralization in vitamin D deficiency impaired?
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insufficient phosphate!!!!!@#@@##
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in ricketss, overgrowth or undergrowth of epithelial cartilage?
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overgrowth! not mineralized properly b/c of insufficient phosphate
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infant with frontal bossing and a squared head?
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vitamin D deficiency (ricketts!)
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rachitic rosary
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BEADLIKE prominences seen at costochondral junction in children with rickets. from deposition of osteoid insufficently minearlized cartilage
seen with pigeon breast deformity (protruding sternum) |
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absent tendon reflexes, ataxia, dysarthria, loss of proprioception, loss of pain sensation due to what vitamin deficiency?
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vitamin E deficiency - spinocerebellar degeneration
caused by degeneration of axons |
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antibiotics can decrease synthesis of ___
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vitamin K by normal flora
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bleeding diathesis caused by what vitamin deficiency?
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vitamin K
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3 major syndromes of thiamine deficiency
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dry beriberi - peripheral nerve
wet beriberi - heart - peripheral vasodilation, 4 chambered dilation of heart, high output cardiac failure wernike-korsakoff syndrome |
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footdrop, wristdrop, sensory changes caused by what vitamin deficiency
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thiamine - dry beriberi
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peripheral vasodilation, high output cardiac failure, flabby dilated heart caused by what vitamin deficiency
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wet beriberi - thiamine
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angular cheilosis
glossitis greasy, scaling dermatitis corneal opacities seen in what vitamin deficiency |
riboflavin
(alcoholics, people with cancer) cheilosis, glossitis, and dermatitis seen in both B6 and riboflavin |
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dermatitis
diarrhea dementia death |
pellagria (niacin deficiency)
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neuronal degeneration, atrophy of GI epithelium, rash on sunexposed areas caused by what vitamin deficiency
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niacin deficiency (pellagra)
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isoniazid can cause what vitamin defiency
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secondary vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency
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cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy caused by?
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vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
cheilosis, glossitis, and dermatitis seen in both B6 and riboflavin riboflavin needed to activate pyridoxine, so they are in the same pathway |
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skeletal changes caused by which vitamin deficiency
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vitamin C - scurvy - causes decreased deposition of osteoid
vitamin D - rickets/ osteomalacia - causes dep of osteoid on undermineralized matrix |
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folate deficiency + vitamin B12 deficiency is linked to ______
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COLON CANCER
folate + B12 def. |
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acrodermatitis enteropathica
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rash around eyes, nose, mouth, anus, distal extremities
seen in Zinc deficiency |
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Keshan disease
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congestive cardiomyopathy caused by selenium deficiency in china. seen in women and young children
selenium in GSH peroxidase |
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growth retardation and diminished reproductive capacity caused by which vitamin deficiency?
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zinc
also causes acrodermatitis enteropathica - rash around eyes, nose, mouth, and anus |
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hypersomnolence, polycythemia, and rightsided heart failure
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Pickwickian syndrome or hypoventilation syndrome in obese people
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a morbidly obese woman has an increased chance of getting what kind of cancer?
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endometrial carcinoma
linked with obesity |
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2naphthyline is converted to a carcinogen by ____
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peroxidase dependent cooxidation
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isoniazid blocks the action of which vitamin
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isoniazid is a B6 antagonist
pts need supplemental b6 with their rx for tb |
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what is a unique feature of pyridoxine deficiency?
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peripheral neurophathy! (q)
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_____ poisoning could lead to elevated ALT and AST levels with hyperbilirubinemia
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acetominophen
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silicon increases chance of lung cancer. lung disease
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severe restrictive lung disease
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why does chronic cocaine use cause heart attacks?
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it is a powerful vasoconstrictor. it can also increase the process of atherosclerosis.
amphetamines can cause cardiac arrhythmias |
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basophilic stippling of RBC's
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LEAD POISIONING
LEAD LEAD LEAD LEAD interferses with hemoglobin synthesis |
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elevated in lead poisoning, anemia of chronic disease, and iron deficiency anemia
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zinc protoforin
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selenium deficiency can cause __ and __
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myopathy
cardiomyopathy |
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what vitamin deficiency could cause poor wound healing, hemorrhage, and rash in an older person who eats weirdly?
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vitamin C
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which is worse for the heart, AC or DC?
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AC!!
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how can primary biliary cirrhosis cause fractures?
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it interferes with fat absorption which interferes with vitamin D absorption which is needed for bone health.
vitamin d absorption can also be impaired by chronic cholestatic lvier disease, biliary tract disease, and pacreatic disease |
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inhalation of hot gases from a fire can result in death from ___ without ever being burned
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pulmonary edema
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how does cocaine cause spontaneous abortion?
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vasoconstriction in placenta!
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when can oral contraceptives increase incidence of cardiovascular disease?
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35+
smoking |
