Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
neurological manifestations of E deficiency?
|
absent tendon reflexes
ataxia loss of position, pain and vibration sense |
|
|
|
How is Vit K involved w/blood clotting?
|
it is a cofactor for an enzyme that carboxylates glutamate. This is neccesary for clotting factors 7, 9 and 10 to work
|
|
|
|
How does K favor calcification of bone proteins?
|
osteocalcin is a protein secreted by osteoblasts. it binds with calcium after it has been carboxylated (and K helps with this carboxylation too)
|
|
|
|
how can K inhibit resorption of calcium from bone?
|
it inhibits expression of an osteoclast differentiation factor (RANK)
|
|
|
|
Since K is widely available in western diets, why do deficiencies develop? (4)
|
fat malabsorption disorder
destruction of endogenous flora that makes K (think tetracycline) neonatal period (small liver=low stores of K, flora hasn't developed yet, not much K in breast milk) diffuse liver disease (jacks w/K dependent enzymes even if there's plenty of K |
|
|
|
how can K levels be manipulated to treat thromboembolic disease?
|
coumarin anticoagulants (warfarin) induce K deficiency by blocking the liver epoxide reductase enzyme that recycles K back to it's active form
|
|
|
|
functions of thiamine?
|
helps make ATP
part of pentose phosphate pathway (alternative to glycolysis) maintains nerve conduction |
|
|
|
what group in the US is hugely affected by thiamine deficiency?
|
alcoholics
|
|
|
|
dry beriberi - def and aka?
|
a polyneuropathy (w/myelin degeneration) caused by thiamine deficiency.
|
|
|
|
wet beriberi - def and aka?
|
a cardiovascular syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency. Characterized by edema and high-output cardiac failure
|
|
|
|
Wernicke encephalopathy - when does it usually develop?
|
after the other two syndromes (dry followed by wet beriberi) of thiamine deficiency
|
|
|
|
symptoms of wernicke encephalopathy?
|
ophtalmoplegia
mental confusion ataxia |
|
|
|
Korsakoff psychosis - symptoms?
|
retrograde amnesia
can't acquire new information |
|
|
|
what part of the brain does Wernicke-Korsakoff affect?
|
area of the fourth ventricle: hypothalamus, mamillary bodies, optic chiasm, etc.
|
|
|
|
pellagra - def?
|
niacin deficiency syndrome
|
|
|
|
since corn has niacin, why do you get deficiency from a high corn diet?
|
because the niacin is in a bound form, unavailable to the body
|
|
|
|
who usually gets pellagra in the US?
|
alcoholics, HIV positive pts, and others w/seriously debilitating diseases (like people on isoniazid)
|
|
|
|
what drug is assoc w/pellagra?
|
isoniazid
|
|
|
|
what are the three Ds of pellagra?
|
dermatitis (symmetric and on exposed areas of body)
diarrhea (due to atrophy of columnar epithelium dementia (due to degeneration of neurons in the brain) |
|
|
|
what are the three drugs listed in Robbins as pyridoxine (B6) antagonists?
|
isoniazid
estrogens penicillamine |
|
|
|
why are alcoholics likely to develop pyridoxine (B6) deficiency?
|
because acetaldehyde (a metabolite of alcohol) enhances pyridoxine degradation
|
|
|
|
what is the important thing to know about homocysteine?
|
it's a risk factor for atherosclerosis
|
|
|
|
two things characteristic of scurvy?
|
bone disease in growing children
hemmorhages and healing deficits in kids and adults |
|
|
|
what is the function of vitamin C?
|
activation of prolyl and lysyl, which hydroxylate procollagen. This means that there isn't enough strong collagen to hold blood vessels together, and you get the hemmorhaging of scurvy
|
|
|
|
Two ways C acts as an antioxidant?
|
directly, scavenging for free radicals
indirectly by regenerating Vit E to it's active form |
|
|
|
what is a characteristic sign of severe scurvy?
|
perifollicular, hyperkeratotic papular rash, with a ring of hemhorage around it.
|
|
|
|
deficiency of what two things results in megaloblastic anemia?
|
Folate and B12
|
|
|
|
Why are folate and pyridoxine (B6) both needed at high levels during pregnancy?
|
because rapidly dividing cells require these two things
|
|
|
|
Why take folic acid supplements if you are trying to get pregnant?
|
because neural tube defects from folate deficiency happen in the first couple of weeks after conception
|
|
|
|
how can folate be stripped from folate-rich foods?
|
heat: it is depleted in cooked and processed foods
|
|
|
|
What common things interfere w/folate metabolism? (4)
|
alcohol
cigarettes oral contraceptives anti-convulsives |
|
|
|
combined folate and B12 deficiency is linked to what serious illness?
|
colon cancer
|
|
|
|
acrodermatitis enteropathica - def
|
distinctive rash around mouth, eyes, nose, anus - assoc w/zinc deficiency
|
|
|
|
When should you suspect zinc deficiency?
|
when you see a rash that could be acrodermatitis enteropathica, combined w/growth retardation or infertility
|
|
|
|
Keshan disease - def and symptoms?
|
this is selenium deficiency, presents as congestive cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
|
what are units of BMI?
|
kg/sq. meters
|
|
|
|
what happens to excess calories we eat?
|
stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
|
|
|
|
what is the lipostat?
|
it's a mechanism in the brain/body which senses how much fat is stored in the body
|
|
|
|
what are the organs and substances they secrete that make up the afferent system of the lipostat?
|
adipose tissue (leptin)
pancreas (insulin) stomach (grehlin) |
|
|
|
where is the central processing unit of the lipostat?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
|
what is the net effect of a high level of Leptin in the blood?
|
reduced food intake
increased energy expenditure |
|
|
|
what type of obesity puts you most at risk for all the bad things?
|
central or visceral obesity (trunk of the body)
|
|
|
|
other than jacking with sugar levels, what does excess insulin in the blood of a fat person do?
|
retains sodium
expands blood volume produces NE produces smooth muscle proliferation ALL THESE THINGS CAUSE INCREASED BP |
|
|
|
what are the symptoms of syndrome x?
|
abdominal obesity
insulin resistance high tryglycerides low HDL HTN increased risk of CAD |
Think all the bad things that happen from obesity
|
|
|
cholelithiasis - aka and cause?
|
aka gallstones
6x more common in fat people increased body cholesterol leads to more cholesterol in bile, which causes more stones |
|
|
|
Hypoventilation syndrome - aka and features?
|
Pickwickian syndrome
hypersomnolence day and night sleep apnea right sided heart failure |
|
|
|
Two disorders related to blood flow that are made more likely by obesity?
|
ischemic stroke
venous thrombosis |
|
|
|
Benefit of dietary fiber?
|
increases fecal bulk, prevents diverticulosis of colon
|
|
|
|
What effect does beta-carotene have on cancer prevention?
|
reverses squamous metaplasia and preneoplastic lesions in the respiratory tract
|
|
|
|
What are the antioxidants that prevent oxidative damage to DNA?
|
beta carotene
C E Selenium |
|
|
|
dietary cause of colon cancer? Mech?
|
high fat intake w/low fiber
fat produces more bile, which modifies intestinal flora to favor microaerophilic bacteria. Their metabolites might be carcinogenic or promoters |
|
