Rna/dna And Protein Synthesis

Front 1

RNA

Back 1

1. Phosphate

2. Nitrogen Base

3. Five Carbon Sugar

Front 2

RNA

Back 2

- Ribonucleic acid

-Single stranded

-Found inside and on the outside of a nucleus

- RNA is a macromolecule (nucleic acid)

Front 3

RNA Nitrogen Bases

Back 3

- Adenine

-Uracyl

-Cystosine

-Guanine

Front 4

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 4

-Carries info from DNA in the Nucleus to Ribosomes in the Cytoplasm

-mRNA is a cop of a section of DNA

-Contains genetic info

Front 5

Codon

Back 5

-a Codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA and codes for one amino acid

Front 6

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 6

-Transports amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Front 7

Anticodon

Back 7

sequence of three nucleotides on the tRNA (tRNA anticodon matches mRNA codon)

Front 8

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 8

-Ribosome are made of this

- mRNA brings the message from DNA to the ribosome (rRNA) and the tRNA brings the corresponding amino acids

- Allows mRNA and tRNA to work together

Front 9

How do cells make a protein?

Back 9

Joining together amino acids

Front 10

Protein Synthesis

Back 10

Transcription and Translation

Front 11

Transcription

Back 11

The process of making messenger RNA from the DNA template

Front 12

Transcription Process

Back 12

1. DNA unzips and the RNA bases attach to the exposed bases making a strand of mRNA

2. mRNA separate from DNA template

3. mRNA leaves nucleus to go to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

(basically mRNA is made in the nucleus using the DNA as a template and then the mRNA leaves the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins)

Front 13

Translation Steps

Back 13

1. mRNA goes from nucleus to ribosomes

2. tRNA picks up free amino acids from cytoplasm and brings them to the ribosome

3. The tRNA anticodon attaches to the mRNA codon and releases the amino acid

4. More tRNA brings amino acid and a chain of amino acids begin to form

5. Eventually a STOP codon appears in the mRNA marking the end of the protein

Front 14

Gene

Back 14

a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

Front 15

Gene Mutations

Back 15

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene

1. Point Mutations 2. Frameshift Mutations

Front 16

Chromosomal mutations

Back 16

change in the number or structure of chromosomes

Front 17

Point Mutation

Back 17

Change in one or fewer bases:

-Substitution-

Front 18

Frameshift Mutations

Back 18

These mutations occur when a base is inserted or deleted. Shifts codon

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Deletion

Back 19

A piece of a chromosome is lost

Front 20

Duplication

Back 20

a piece of a chromosome is duplicated

Front 21

Inversion

Back 21

a piece of chromosome is reversed or flipped around

Front 22

Translocation

Back 22

a piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Front 23

Mutagens

Back 23

natural or human-made element that can change a structure or sequence or DNA

ex. Chemicals, Radiation

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Cutting DNA

Back 24

We cut DNA into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes.Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence. They are very specific.We obtain restriction enzymes from bacteria

Front 25

Making Recombinant DNA

Back 25

1. Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences

2. Restriction enzyme cuts DNA producing sticky ends

3. DNA fragment from other source is added; fragments stick together by base pairing

4. DNA ligase seals the strands

Front 26

Transgenic

Back 26

organism that contains DNA from other species

Front 27

Plasmid

Back 27

circular DNA molecules found n the cytoplasm of bacteria in addition to regular DNA

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Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR)

Back 28

Makes more copies of DNA

1. DNA fragment heated

2. 2 strands separate

3. Solution cools and DNA polymerase attaches to free nucleates to the open strands

4. TWO DNA MOLECULES

Front 29

Separating of DNA

Back 29

1. mixture of fragments placed at the end of a gel

2. electric voltage applied

3. DNA - charged so moves toward +

4. When current is turned off molecules are arrayed in bands along a law according to size

Front 30

Chromosones

Back 30

Made of DNA pieces coiled around histones

Front 31

Back 31

Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure

Front 32

Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure

Back 32

1. Chromosome

2. Nucleosomes

3. Supercoils

4. Histones

5. Double Helix

Front 33

Nucleotides

Back 33

Made of Phosphate, Deoxryribose sugar, Nitrogen base: ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, THYMINE

Front 34

Side of Ladder-like structure

Back 34

the sides of a DNA strand are made up of sugar and phosphate molecules bonded by covalent bonds.

Front 35

Back 35

phosphate and sugar covalent bonds

Front 36

Rungs of ladder

Back 36

Nitrogenous bases joined by hydrogen bonds

Front 37

Complementary Base Pairing

Back 37

A=T C=G

Front 38

Erwin Chargaff

Back 38

1949

Discovers rules of base pairing

Front 39

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Back 39

1952

Determined that the DNA molecule was a coiled spiral. They used a technique called X-ray diffraction.

Front 40

James Watson and Francis Crick

Back 40

1953

Determined the exact structure of DNA

Front 41

DNA REPLICATION

Back 41

-occurs during interphase

-takes six hours

-Nucleus(eukaryotes) Cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

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Steps of Replication

Back 42

1. Enzymes unwind DNA double helix- helices breaks H-bonds

2. DNA Polymerase brings complementary nucleotides and attaches them t the matching nucleotides in the open strands

3. Continues until completely unzipped

4. DNA polymerase proofreads DNA

Front 43

Two Original Strands of DNA

Back 43

Templates

Front 44

New Formed Strands

Back 44

Complementary

Front 45

Semi-conservative

Back 45

Each replicated DNA molecule consists of old and new strands

Front 46

Pyrimadine

Back 46

nitrogen bases in DNA composed of a single ring: Thymine and Cytosine

Front 47

Purine

Back 47

Nitrogen bases in DNA composed of two rings: Adenine and Guanine

Front 48

Griffith

Back 48

First

experimented with mice and discovered strains of bacteria would be changed from one form to another

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Avery

Back 49

Second

Used enzymes to test lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids and discovered that nucleic acid DNA is what stores and transmits genetic info from one generation to the next.

Front 50

Hershey and Chase

Back 50

Third

Worked with bacteriophages and concluded that genetic material of bacteriophages was DNA, not protein

Front 51

Ligase

Back 51

enzyme that glues pieces of DNA together once replicated

Front 52

Helicase

Back 52

Enzyme that unzips DNA strands and breaks hydrogen binds

Front 53

Peptide Bond

Back 53

bond holding together amino acids

Front 54

Polypeptide

Back 54

Chains of amino acids