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69 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Nucleotides making up genes in DNA
A, T, C, G
Genes make up
DNA
DNA and protein makes up
chromosomes
Genes code for
proteins
Proteins are also known as
polypeptides
The genetic code is deciphered through a process known as
protein synthesis
The assembly of proteins takes place at the
ribosomes
Ribosomes are located in
the cytoplasm of the cell, away from the nucleus and DNA
A ribosome is made of how many subunits
two
These subunits are known as
the small subunit and the large subunit
These subunits do what when the ribosome is needed
come together
In DNA, contained in the nucleus, relays its instructions to the ribosome through
mRNA
RNA stands for
Ribonucleic Acid
There are three types of RNA
1. messenger RNA - mRNA
2. transfer RNA - tRNA
3. ribosomal RNA - rRNA
mRNA carries what from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
message/code/transcript
mRNA carries what to the ribosome to make the proteins
amino acids
What is the monomer of a protein
amino acid
rRNA makes up the structure of the
ribosome
RNA, like DNA, is made up of
nucleotides
An RNA nucleotide has
1. a sugar known as ribose, instead of deoxyribose (deoxy meaning without oxygen)
2. a phosphate group
3. a nitrogenous base
RNA and DNA differ in 3 main ways
1. RNA is a single strand
2. RNA has the bases A, C, G, and U - does NOT have the thymine base
3. RNA contains the sugar ribose
mRNA is made through a process known as
transcription
Transcription only begins when a cell needs
a protein
Steps to Transcription
1. To make the mRNA, the hydrogen bonds between the bases in the DNA molecule are unzipped by an enzyme
2. The enzyme RNA polymerase matches free floating RNA nucleotides in the nucleus to the separated DNA molecule. A specific sequence of DNA marks the initiation and termination of the gene that is going to be made into a protein. Just like in replication, polymerase makes a complimentary strand to the parent strand but in this case RNA is made instead of DNA. The process of making mRNA is known as RNA elongation
RNA polymerase can only make RNA from the 5' end to the 3' end, just as in DNA replication. Due to this property of RNA polymerase, only one half of the DNA molecule is used to make a protein
3. The newly synthesized mRNA detaches from the DNA template/parental strand and leaves the nucleus. The hydrogen bonds between the bases in the DNA reform and the DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule again
1. To make the mRNA, the hydrogen bonds between the bases in the DNA molecule ___ ______ by an enzyme
are unzipped
2. The enzyme _______ ___________ matches free floating RNA nucleotides in the nucleus to the separated DNA molecule. A specific sequence of DNA marks the initiation and termination of the gene that is going to be made into a protein. Just like in replication, polymerase makes a complimentary strand to the parent strand but in this case RNA is made instead of DNA. The process of making mRNA is known as ____ ____________
RNA polymerase, RNA elongation
RNA polymerase can only make RNA from the ____ to the ____ end, just as in DNA replication. Due to this property of RNA polymerase, only one half of the DNA molecule is used to make a protein
5' end to 3' end
3. The newly synthesized _____ detaches from the DNA template/parental strand and leaves the nucleus. The hydrogen bonds between the bases in the DNA reform and the DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule again
mRNA
In RNA, A to
U
C to
G
G to
C
T to
A
Not all of the RNA in mRNA is useful. mRNA is made of ____ and _____. The introns are noncoding segments of RNA that do not contain important information. The exons are coding segments of RNA that do contain the information to make a protein. Through ______ ____, the introns are cut out and the exons are pasted together. The pasted together exons make up the mRNA that will be used later
introns, exons, RNA splicing
During transcription, what in the nucleus acts as the template for mRNA
DNA
The instruction in mRNA are in the form of
codons
What are codons
three base code (ie. ACG, AUU, UGA)
Every three bases in a strand of mRNA is a codon that stands for an
amino acid
There are how many amino acids used by all living organisms
20
AUG stands for
Methionine
Methionine is used for the
start code
Example of Transcription
DNA - 3' T A C A A G C T T C G A 5'
mRNA - 5' A U G U U C G A A G C U 3'
What nucleotide is at the 3' end of DNA
Thymine
At the 5' end of DNA
Adenine
What does AUG stand for
Methionine
ACC
Threonine
Abbreviate Methionine and Threonine
met and thr
First direction on a chart is
down-left
Second direction on a chart is
up-right
Third direction on a chart is
down-right
There is more than one codon for each amino acid. There are how many codons for only 20 amino acids
64
Protein synthesis occurs in two steps
transcription and translation
Transcription Review
filler
During trasncription, the DNA molecule is unzipped and free-floating ___ nucleotides attach to the DNA template
RNA
The bonded free-floating RNA nucleotides make up
mRNA
The mRNA detaches from the DNA and leaves the ____ and enters in to cytoplasm to go to the ribosome
nucleotides
Translation overview
filler
During translation, the amino acids are placed in the proper order to make a
protein
Initiation
1. The mRNA that has left the nucleus bonds with ribosome. The ribosomal subunits come together around the mRNA. The ribosome has a P (peptidyl) site and an A (aminoacyl) site.
The ribosome knows where on the mRNA to bond because of the _____ codon at the 5' end of the mRNA strand
5'
Elongation
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome. Each tRNA has an anticodon, which is the complement to the codon on the mRNA. The tRNA can only carry an amino acid that matches the anticodon.
2. The first tRNA bonds at the P site of the ribosome. The ribosome attaches the anticodon on the tRNA to the codon on the
mRNA
3. When the bonding of the codon and anticodon occurs, the tRNA releases its ____ ____. The next tRNA bonds at the A site of the ribosome, bonds codon to anticodon and releases its amino acid
amino acid
4. The amino acids bond together and start a chain of amino acids, also known as a
polypeptide (protein)
5. The ribosome continues to move down the _____ attaching tRNA anticodons to the mRNA codons, releasing amino acids and elongating the polypeptide chain
mRNA
Termination
6. When the ribosome comes to a STOP codon on the mRNA it releases the mRNA and the protein is finished.
The newly manufactured ____ is than used for what it was intended and the ribosome is ready to make another protein. The mRNA will be destroyed or used again to make more protein, depending on the needs of the cell
protein
Sometimes, if the mRNA is really long, there will be _____ ribosomes working on the same mRNA to make the translation go quicker
multiple
Summary of Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription
A) DNA unzips
B) RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA template
C) RNA polymerase attaches free floating RNA nucleotides to the DNA template
D) Enzymes cut out the introns and splice together the exons
E) mRNA is made and it leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm
2. Translation
F) Ribosomal suunits attach to the mRNA
G) the first tRNA carries methionine to the ribosome and bonds at the P site
H) the anticodon on the tRNA matches to the codon on the mRNA
I) The next tRNA bonds to the ribosomes at the A site
J) the tRNAs release the amino acid
K) The amino acid bonds together and form a polypeptide/protein
The gene of interest is
coding for protein synthesis