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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Horton Overland Flow (HOF)
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rainfall exceeds the infiltration rate...occurs regardless of soil saturation rate...fast response to rainfall event...typical in arid and dry regions.
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Subsurface Storm Flow (SSF)
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through flow/interflow...infiltration rate exceeds rainfall rate..downslope flow only in saturated zone (below the water table). Takes hours for it to make it to the channels in this manner
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Saturation overland flow (SOF)
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saturated zones at base of hill slopes...grow during wet season or during individual storms...when subsurface storm flow capacity is exceeded, SSF is forced to the surface. STARTS ONLY WHEN UNDERLYING SOIL LAYERS ARE SATURATED.
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porosity
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the total amount of water that the rock or sediment can hold
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aquifer
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a body of sediment or rock that provides a good supply of water
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laminar flow vs. turbulent flow
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laminar = straight flow (this is dependent on the viscosity as syrup does this kind of flow). Turbulent = water flow, sediments are always in motion and can be eroded away
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Reynolds Number
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this number tries to give some sense of inertial forces ... Re=Inertial forces/viscous forces. (where viscosity is resistance to motion) .. Therefore this number takes into account velocity x dept x water density all over viscosity. Re = flow / resistance. HIGH RE = turbulent flows (streams) LOW RE = laminar flow (glaciers)
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Vertical Velocity Profiles
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Velocity is on the X axis, Height above the bed is on the Y axis. Positive slope = this is slow to curve up and increase.
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variable source area
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the concept that runoff-generating areas in the landscape will vary in location and size over time.
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bankful discharge
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flow that sets channel morphology over the long term....transports the most sediment which means it is a channel forming event.....erodes channel banks.
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groundwater table
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when a well is drilled into a subsurface, water will eventually seep into it and fill to some static level. The level that the water rises to denotes the top of the groundwater table
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Wash Load
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sedimentary particles transported without exchange with stream bed, particles never stop (silt and clay, swift rivers)
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Dissolved Load
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products of chemical weathering, these stay in the water until precipitation (Ex. Ocean)
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Suspended Load
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particles rarely stop, material transported by tubular eddies (silt and fine sand)
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Bed Load
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particles sliding, rolling along, or just above the bed. (sand and gravel)
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Stoke's Law
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a mathematical description of the force required to move a sphere through a quiescent, viscous fluid at specific velocity.
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silt/clay
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.0039 to .062mm
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sand
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.062 to 2mm
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Pebbles
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2-64mm
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cobble
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64mm to 256mm
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Boulders
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256mm and up
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Hjulstrom Diagram (Pg. 41 in Mount)
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illustrates the aspects of sediment entrainment, for sediments ranging tom fine sand to larger grains the critical velocity is proportional to grain size....In suspension at a lower velocity than that required to lift the particle initially. When the stream velocity slows to a critical speed, the particle is deposited.
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Grain sizes
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clay and silt (.001mm to .06mm) , fine sand (.06mm to .6mm), sand (.6mm to 2mm), gravel (greater than 2.0mm)
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entrainment velocity
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the particular velocity that a particular grain starts to move
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competence
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one of the two things that bedload transport rate is set by. It is either the heaviest or the maximum grain size a stream can carry
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capacity and sediment load
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one of two things the bedload transport rate is set by...capacity is the maximum amount of solid load (really everything the river is carrying)
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Bedforms
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these are sculpted as particles slide and roll along or above the bed (ripples are greater than dunes, they form in relation to flow strength)
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river geomorphology
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imposed-form rivers (bedrock) - Morphology is dictated by factors external to the channel (as opposed to self-formed channels/rivers
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Bankful Discharge
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flow that sets channel morphology over the long term...transports the most sediment which means it is a channel forming event...Erodes channel banks.
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Channels are asymmetric.
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Channels are asymmetric.
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stream chemistry
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mineral materials of many different shapes and sizes and particle sizes erode and contribute to overall steam load. Differences in th size of those materials determine how they will be transported downstream.
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Three types of stream loads
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dissolved load, suspended load, bedload
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Total dissolved solids
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an aggregate indicator of the presence of a broad array of chemical contaminants (most common chemical constituents are calcium, phosphates, nitrates, sodium, potassium and chloride which are found in nutrient runoff) ... mostly used for measuring water quality.
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Agriculture
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69% of the world's consumptive use
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Industry
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22% of the worldwide water consumptive use, hydrolic dams, power plants, etc....there is both chemical and thermal pollution
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consumptive water use
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water removed from available supplies without return to a water resources sytem
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non-consumptive water use
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water that is returned to a water resource system after use, for example a hydrolic dam or the water used by fishing boats (hydrolic dam or fishing boats)
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igneous rocks
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crystalline solids which form directly from the cooling of magma ... liquid to solid state change. Earth is made of igneous.
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Sedimentary rock
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thin veneer of loose sediments that coves the igneous rocks on the Earth's surface
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metamorphic
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"meta" = change , "morph" = form. All rock can become this kind of rock. All that is required is for this rock to be moved to an area where the minerals that make up the rock become unstable with the environment (ex. marble)
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