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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Risk assessment |
Composed of two components prediction and management The prediction component: identifying risk factors related to likelihood of future violence The management component: development of interventions to manage or reduce the likelihood of future violence. (Identifying treatments) |
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Risk assessment contexts (2) |
Civil context Criminal context |
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Civil -risk assessment |
Private right of individual and the legal proceedings connected with these rights |
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Criminal -risk assessment |
Situations in which an individual has been charged with a crime |
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5 Civil contexts require risk assessment |
-Civil commitment- involuntary hospitalization -Assessment of risk in child protection -Immigration - ensuring they do pose a risk to safety, social, cultural or economic functioning - School and labour regulations -Duty to warn and limits of confidentiality |
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Criminal settings of risk assessment |
Risk assessment occurs at every major decision point in the criminal justice and forensic psychiatric system -Bail can be denied if they are danger to other or the communityy |
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Type of predictions outcomes (4) |
True positive True negative False positive False negative |
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True positive |
A correct prediction that occurs when a person who is predicted to engage in some type of behaviour does so |
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True negative |
A correct prediction that occurs when a person who is predicted not to engage in some type of behaviour does so |
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False postive |
An incorrect prediction that occurs when a person who is predicted to engage in some type of behaviour but does not |
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Fals negactive |
An incorrect prediction that occurs when a person who is predicted not to engage in some type of behaviour but does |
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Base rate |
Represents the percentage of people within a given population who engage in a specific behaviour or have a mental disorder |
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Methodological issues (3 Weaknesses of research in prediction of violence) |
-There are limited number of risk factors being studied -Researcher often use official criminal records as their criterion measure but many crimes are not reported to the police - Expanding the criterion variable to severity of violence, targets of violence and motivation versus instrumental |
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Illusory correlation |
Belief that a correlation exists between two events that in reality are either not correlated or to a lesser degree |
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Approaches to assessment of risk (3) |
Unstructured clinical judgement Actuarial prediction Structured professional judgement |
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Unstructured clinical judgement |
Decisions characterized by a substantial amount of professional discretion and lack of guidelines |
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Actuarial prediction |
Decisions are based on risk factors that are selected and combined based on empirical or statistical association with a specific outcome |
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Structured professional judgment |
Decisions are guided by a predetermined list of risk factors that have been selected from the research and professional literature. Judgement of risk level is based on the evaluator's professional judgment |
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Types of risk factor predictors (2) |
Static risk factor Dynamic risk factor |
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Static risk factor (Historical risk factor) |
Risk factor that does not fluctuate over time and is not changed by treatment -Ex. Age of first arrest |
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Dynamic risk factor |
Risk factors that fluctuate over time and are amenable to change |
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Important risk factors (5) |
Static risk factor (Historical risk factor) Dispositional risk factor Clinical risk factors Contextual risk factors Situational risk factors
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Dispositional risk factors (2) |
Demographics: Offender arrested before 14 have more serious and more extensive criminal careers Personality Characteristics: Impulsiveness (Not able to regulate behaviour) and psychopathy (Manipulativeness, lack of remorse, impulsivity) |
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Historical risk factor (Static risk factor) (3) |
Past behaviour: Past violent behaviour and nonviolent behaviour are good predictors Age of onset: Individual demonstrate antisocial behaviour at an earlier age are more chronic and serious offenders Childhood history of maltreatment: Victims of physical abuse and neglect are more likely to commit crimes |
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Clinical factors (2) |
Substance abuse: Drugs and alcohol are associated with criminal behaviour and violence. Drug users are in contact with antisocial people leading to violent confrontations Mental disorder: Most people with mental disorder are not violent, however some disorders are linked to higher rates of violence Threat/control override symptoms were strongly related to violence |
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Contextual risk factors |
Support: Instrumental, emotional, appraisal and information (four kinds of support) Access to weapons or victims: If an offender is released into environment and had easy access to weapons or victims then potential of violence increases |
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Risk-assessment instruments |
Violence risk appraisal guide HCR-20 |
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Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) |
Designed to assess the long-term risk for violent recidivism in offender with mental disorder Coded 50 risk factors Predictors: Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised score -Elementary school maladjustment -Diagnosis of any personality disorder |
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HCR-20 |
Designed to predict violent behaviour in correctional and forensic psychiatric samples List 20 items organized into 3 main scales -Historical -Clinical -Risk management |
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Female offenders |
Women engage in less criminal behaviour than men- besides prostitution and lower recidivism rates Married is risk factor women LSI-R instrument for female offenders More research needs to be conducted on female offenders
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Protective factors |
Factors that mitigate or reduce likelihood of negative outcome -Prosocial involvement -Strong social support -Strong attachments -Intelligenc |
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Desistance |
The processing of ceasing to engage in criminal behaviour |
