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25 Cards in this Set
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How did Hitler establish his dictatorship?
Hitler’s position in January 1933 |
Hitler was Chancellor but he was one of only 3 Nazis in a coalition government
He was far from secure in power. |
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How did Hitler establish his dictatorship?
Reichstag Fire |
27 Feb 1933: the Reichstag burnt down a week before election
Communist arrested Reichstag fire decree allowed Nazis to round up and imprison political opponents – especially Communists This decree was the foundation of police state |
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How did Hitler establish his dictatorship?
The 1933 election |
Nazis won 288 seats
Still not a majority although they also had support of over 50 nationalists which did give them a majority |
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How did Hitler establish his dictatorship?
Enabling Act |
March 1933: allowed Hitler to rule as dictator for four years
Hitler needed two-thirds majority in Reichstag to pass law – this was achieved through intimidation and the banning of communist members of the Reichstag (most of whom had been arrested) |
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How did Hitler establish his dictatorship?
The Night of the Long Knives |
Hitler faced 1 remaining threat to his power – the SA
Hitler did not trust Rohm (SA leader) & the army did not like the SA (Hitler needed the loyalty of the army) Hitler had Rohm & 400 others murdered in June 1934 A month later (August) President Hindenburg died Army now swore loyalty oath to Hitler. |
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Why did Hitler become Chancellor in Jan 1933?
The impact of the Depression |
Wall St Crash : Led to end of US loans & Germany went into deep depression with unemployment over 6m by 1932
Bank collapse in 1931 meant that middle-classes lost savings For many Germans, democracy had failed them |
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Why did Hitler become Chancellor in Jan 1933?
The Nazi breakthrough in 1930 |
Germans turned to extreme parties in 1930
Nazis won 107 seats in 1930 compared with only 12 in 1928 Second largest party: fear of communism led businessmen & middle-classes to support Hitler |
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Why did Hitler become Chancellor in Jan 1933?
Broad appeal of the Nazi party |
Nazis kept message simple: Hitler promised national rebirth, jobs & end to TofV
Propaganda methods of Goebbels were advanced for the time: Hitler flew around Germany ‘Fuhrer over Germany’ Mass rallies Alliance with media tycoon Hugenberg meant Hitler appeared in newspapers & in cinemas |
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Why did Hitler become Chancellor in Jan 1933?
The elections of 1932 |
Hitler stood against Hindenburg in presidential election and did surprisingly well but lost
In July Reichstag election the Nazis won 230 seats and were now the largest party But President Hindenburg refused to appoint Hitler |
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Why did Hitler become Chancellor in Jan 1933?
The Deal |
Nazi support went down to 196 seats in the November election of 1932 & it looked as though Hitler had lost his chance
He was saved by the rivalry between Papen & Schleicher Papen persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor instead of Schleicher – Papen claimed that he, as vice-chancellor, would be able to control Hitler… |
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Nazi Party, 1924-29
Fuhrerprinzip |
Hitler refounded party in 1925 & established stronger personal control over it
The Fuhrerprinzip was the idea that every member of the Nazi party obeyed the leader without question Hitler was worshipped by his followers |
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Nazi Party, 1924-29
Legality |
Hitler decided that the Nazis should fight elections and take power by winning the support of the German people
He would destroy democracy once in power |
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Nazi Party, 1924-29
Gauleiters |
Hitler reorganised party so that it could win support across German
This nationwide structure was dependent on district leaders: the Gauleiters. |
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Nazi Party, 1924-29
SA |
The Sturmabteilung was now to be the propaganda weapon of the party – uniformed and disciplined with greater emphasis on recruiting the young
Set up soup kitchens for the unemployed during the depression Massive expansion in numbers after 1929 (1.5 million) |
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Nazi Party, 1924-29
Reichstag election failure |
Despite the expansion in party members, the Nazis failed to win support in elections to the Reichstag (parliament)in the 1920s
In 1928 the Nazis won only 12 seats Whilst the German people were contented and had jobs and money, the Nazis had no chance |
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The Munich Putsch
Why did Hitler act? |
The Ruhr crisis was an opportunity; decision to end passive resistance was unpopular at the time
SA was ‘straining at the leash’ (50,000 members) Mussolini had taken power in similar fashion in Italy in 1922 |
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The Munich Putsch
What happened? |
Hitler took over meeting in Beerhall and held members of Bavarian government at gun-point - declared revolution
Army would not join Nazis When Hitler marched through Munich the next day (9.11) the police opened fire and killed 16 Nazis |
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The Munich Putsch
Why did it fail? |
Ludendorff let the Bavarian ministers go and they alerted police
Poorly organized – failed to take telephone exchange Army & police stayed loyal |
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The Munich Putsch
Short-term consequences? |
Hitler put on trial for treason;
Judge was sympathetic to Hitler & trial turned into propaganda triumph for Hitler Now a national figure Hitler was sentenced to five years but only served 9 months in Landsberg |
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The Munich Putsch
Long-term consequences? |
Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (my struggle) - Nazi bible
Hitler decided that Nazis would adopt legal methods (fight elections) Hitler also decided that party needed reorganization so that it could win support across Germany |
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The growth of the Nazi party, 1919-23
The DAP |
The party Hitler joined in 1919 was one of many extreme right-wing groups in Munich
It was called the German Workers’ Party and attracted angry ex-soldiers. |
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The growth of the Nazi party, 1919-23
The NSDAP |
Hitler refounded the party as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party in 1920 and took over as leader
Hitler dominated the party because of his speaking talents |
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The growth of the Nazi party, 1919-23
Core beliefs |
Anti-semitism (Jews were Germany’s misfortune and mortal enemy)
German people were master-race of Aryans Treaty of Versailles must be overturned Greater Germany Lebensraum (living-space) would be needed to sustain Greater Germany |
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The growth of the Nazi party, 1919-23
Sturmabteilung |
The stormtroopers (SA) or ‘brownshirts’
The paramilitary wing of the party – made up of revolutionary ex-soldiers – attracted unemployed & Freikorps Led by Ernst Rohm – had swelled to 50,000 recruits by the Munich Putsch |
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The growth of the Nazi party, 1919-23
The Munich Putsch |
Failed attempt at taking power in November 1923
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