Rise And Spread Of Islam

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bedouin

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nomadic tribes, founders of Islam, Arabia

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clans and rivalries

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fought over resources, made it hard for them to settle down

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trade

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led to founding of Mecca, traded between Europe and Asia

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bedouin culture

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woman had better social status than that of surrounding cultures, but still under fighting men; polytheistic/ animism

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3rd historical period

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Quraysh conquered Mecca, spread culture throughout Arabia, ended with reassertion of Semitic power (arabs and sabaens)

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Ka'ba

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center of Islamic religion; transition for poly to monotheism

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early years as prophet

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born into Hashim Clan, RasulAllah

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Mecca 610-622

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others did not like Islam becuase was very different and accepting all kinds of people

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Medina 622-628

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Yathrib

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Last Years 628-632

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632- led Hajj, 2 things resulted from death- Quran, spread of Islam to Europe

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Reasons for Islam appeal

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1) arab in origin 2) united warring tribes 3) no intermediaries between followers and God 4) system of ethics

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Umayyad viewed Muhammad as a threat...

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fled to Medina, protected by Ali, war= Muhammad victorious and returns to Mecca in 629, eventually won over Umayyad to Islam

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Shariah vs. Quran

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political law with religion vs. moral book

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Meaning of "Islam"

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submission of one's acts to God

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fundamental characteristics of Islam

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monotheistic, creationistic, afterlife, ethical, eschatological (messengers)

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Umayyad P

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caliph question; powerful, elite commanders; bureacracy; 1st gov. after Muhammad's death (brought split tribes together)

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Umayyad E

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concerned about getting booty not about trading or spreading Islam

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Umayyad R

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sunni/shia split; converted out of convenience and power

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Umayyad S

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only Muslim elite had power, non Muslims=taxed, higher women role (taxed)

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Umayyad Decline

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growing addiction to luxury and soft living, not everyone Muslim, not everyone in agreement with choice of Caliph, more devout Muslim/ Arab clans challenged Umayyad, Shias rebelled and took over

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Abbasid P

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bureaucracy- wazir most powerful, absolute rulers, caliph (one of sons takes over; would have fights with Turkish armies/slaves to see which would be caliph)

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Abbasid E

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growing wealth in merchant and landlord class; profits from trade= reinvested

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Abbasid R

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Mawali (converts of non-Arabic origin that helped take over) acceptance= more converts, Sufis- wanted personal union w/ God

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Abbasid S

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all Muslims had a place in society, unskilled labor left for slaves

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Abbasid Decline

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regional divisions within empire (civil wars drained treasury, caliph successor disputes); caliphs became puppets controlled by powerful families (Buyk); started to tax things and increased when gave land to Turkish; Agrarian Disorder- taxed people quit jobs and became criminals, impact of Christian Crusades, nomadic invasions (Seljuk Turks, Mongols), decline in position of women

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Abbasid 3 Main Things

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1) revitalized Mediterranean trade 2) brought back Greek, Roman, Persian, Mesopotamian culture and preserved for future 3) Islam made worldwide and many people converted

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Reason for split

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differences in politics and who was to be successor of Muhammad

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Key Players

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Ali, Muhammad, Imam, Fatima

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Sunni vs. Shia

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formal clergy vs. Imam= only spiritual guide; 5 vs. 3 daily prayers; Quran narrated by Allah vs. Ali/Fatima

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The Twelfth Imam

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went into hiding, 10th century

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Sunni and Shia Today

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90% vs. 10%; Umayyad/Damascus vs. Baghdad; 89% Shias in Iran/Iraq

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Sufism

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emphasized personal piety and mysticism

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3 Main Goals of Sufism

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to know one's true being, to know the purpose of life, to know how to accomplish that purpose

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Sufism Basic Views

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to seek pleasing of God by restoring fitrah (when nothing they do defies God)

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Sufism Origin

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7th/8th century; criticized because thought that it would lead to neglect of established religions and used religion for personal gain and knowledge

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Sufism Today

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Sign to Signifier (seeker purifies self of corrupting influences); Signifier to Sign (seeker experiences divine attraction)

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Muslim Achievements

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algebra, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy (crescent moon; astrological charts for navigation), dams and reservoirs, qanats, waterwheel, scientific classification, astrolabe (map-making), medicine and hospitals

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House of Wisdom

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Baghdad; built to study math but used for other things

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Scholars...

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did not specialize in anything

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Arts...

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Rubiyat (book); Persian replaced Arabic