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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aristotle's definition of rhetoric... |
The ability to discover in a given situation the available means of persuasion |
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Why is rhetoric useful? (2 reasons) |
1. Rhetoric is good for finding truth 2. It upholds virtue |
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Enthymeme |
An argument in which the premise is not explicitly stated |
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Pathos: logic-in |
(reasons for what you believe) A web of interactions; unconscious; not clearly verbalized; contradictory |
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Pathos: logic-out |
(what you say) Rational; linear; consciously thought out and verbalized |
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Ethos |
Credibility |
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Logos: 7 types of logical fallacies |
1. Generalization 2. Reductive Fallacy 3. Genetic Fallacy 4. Faulty Dilemma 5. Ad Hominem Arguments 6. Slippery Slope Fallacy 7. Chronological Snobbery |
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Generalization |
taking one instance and generalizing it to the general population |
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Reductive Fallacy (oversimplifying) |
Look for the key words, "just, only, merely, mainly" |
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Genetic Fallacy |
Attempting to refute something by belittling its origins |
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Faulty Dilemma |
Posing only 2 choices when there may be more |
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Ad Hominem Arguments (name-calling) |
Attempting to refute an argument by disparaging the one holding the idea |
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Slippery Slope Fallacy (Domino theory) |
Asserting that something is wrong because of what it is sure to produce |
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Chronological Snobbery |
- Term attributed to C.S. Lewis - Attempting to refute something simply by dating it |
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Cicero - Five canons of rhetoric |
1. Invention 2. Disposition 3. Expression 4. Memory 5. Delivery |
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Invention |
Create and select valid arguments and evidence |
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Disposition |
How an argument is laid out |
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Expression |
Proper use of language |
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Memory |
Memorize outline of speech |
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Delivery |
Control of voice and body |
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Lloyd Bitzer: Exigence |
"A defect, an obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing other than it should be." |
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Lloyd Bitzer: Rhetorical Audience |
People who can make a difference, evoke change 3 types - favorable, unfavorable, uncommitted |
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Lloyd Bitzer: Constraints |
- Influences or shapes the rhetorical act 2 types: 1. Things within the control of the speaker 2. Things outside of the speaker's control |
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Pereleman and Tyteca: Starting Points |
- "Points of agreement between a rhetor and an audience that allow for argumentation to develop. From such points of agreement, further agreements may be reached through the process of argumentation." |
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2 Types of Starting Points |
1. The real: includes widely accepted facts, truths, and presumptions 2. The preferable: commonly held values and preferences within a particular community, or audience |
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Pereleman and Tyteca: Universal audience |
Consists of the whole of mankind, or at least, of all normal adult persons |
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Pereleman and Tyteca: Audience of one |
The single listener or reader carefully checks each step in the argumentation, raising objections to it, asking for clarifications, providing arguments in response. |
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Pereleman and Tyteca: Self as audience |
- We employ the same arguments to persuade others - Intellectual virtue (open-mindedness) |
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Kenneth Burke: Perfection |
"We are rotten with perfection." |
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History of Masculine Rhetoric |
Vast majority of writers on rhetoric have been men. Rhetoric is an inquiry into men's experiences, which then are assumed to be universal. |
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Conversion Model |
- The goal of rhetoric is to convert others to your view - The domination of one person over another (verbal rape) |
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Invitational Model |
- Rhetoric that seeks not to persuade, but to invite audience members to enter the rhetor's world and see it as the rhetor does. - Change may be the result, but is not the purpose |
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Michael Foucault: Excluded Discourse |
A discourse that is controlled by being prohibited |
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Michael Foucault: Archaeology of Knowledge |
Tracking back to uncover the conditions which allowed a certain discourse or knowledge to emerge |
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Rules for Radicals - Saul Alinsky Key principles of rhetoric (3) |
1. Speak their language 2. Understand their values 3. Visualize the problem |
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Rules for Radicals - Saul Alinsky Application to Christian Rhetoric (3) |
1. Perspective-taking 2. We must be profane (speaking out) 3. Embrace unpopularity |
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Sophists: Method of the dialectic |
Taught students to argue either side of a case because it would make the case better |
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Sophists: 3 Controversies |
1. Philosophy for hire: paid teachers 2. Cultural relativist: well-travelled; people believe differently in different places; skeptical of divine source of knowledge 3. View of truth: truth was not found in transcendent sources, but in language |
